Organic Electroluminescent Element And Novel Iridium Complex

ABSTRACT

An organic electronic device comprising at least one hole-transport material and/or at least one electron/exciton blocker material, wherein said at least one hole-transport material and/or said at least one electron/exciton blocker material is an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands; a hole transport layer or an electron/exciton blocking layer, comprising at least one Ir metal-carbene complex, comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands; an apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, units in items of clothing, units in furniture and units in wallpaper, comprising the organic electronic device of the present invention or the hole transport layer or the electron/exciton blocking layer of the present invention; and the use of an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands according to the present invention as hole-transport material and/or electron/exciton blocker material.

The present invention relates to an organic electronic device,preferably an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), comprising at leastone hole-transport material and/or at least one electron/exciton blockermaterial, wherein said at least one hole-transport material and/or saidat least one electron/exciton blocker material is an Ir metal-carbenecomplex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazolecarbene ligands, to a hole transport layer or an electron/excitonblocking layer comprising said Ir metal-carbene complex, an apparatusselected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units,mobile visual display units, illumination units, units in items ofclothing, units in furniture and units in wallpaper comprising saidorganic electronic device, preferably said OLED, or said hole transportlayer or said electron/exciton blocking layer, and to the use of said Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentateazabenzimidazole carbene ligands as hole-transport material and/orelectron/exciton blocker material.

Organic electronics, i.e. organic electronic devices, are an importantsector in the field of electronics. Organic electronics is a subfield ofelectronics which uses electronic circuits which comprise polymers orsmaller organic compounds. Fields of use of organic electronics are theuse of polymers or smaller organic compounds in organic electronicdevices, for example in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED),light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEEC), organic photovoltaic cells(OPV) and organic field-effect transistors (OFET).

The use of suitable novel organic materials thus allows various newtypes of components based on organic electronics to be provided, such asdisplays, illumination, sensors, transistors, data stores orphotovoltaic cells. This makes possible the development of new deviceswhich are thin, light, flexible and producible at low cost.

The synthesis and provision of new materials for organic electronicdevices is therefore an important research topic. Especially thesynthesis and provision of novel hole-transport materials andelectron/exciton blocker materials for use in organic electronic devicesis important for providing organic electronic devices having goodstabilities and long lifetimes as well as—in the case of OLEDs andLEECs—high quantum efficiencies.

A preferred field of use according to the present application is the useof relatively small organic compounds in organic light-emitting diodes(OLED). OLEDs exploit the propensity of materials to emit light whenthey are excited by electrical current. OLEDs are of particular interestas an alternative to cathode ray tubes and liquid-crystal displays forproduction of flat visual display units. Owing to the very compactdesign and the intrinsically low power consumption, devices comprisingOLEDs are suitable especially for mobile applications, for example forapplications in cellphones, smartphones, digital cameras, mp3 players,tablet computers, laptops, etc. In addition, white OLEDs give greatadvantage over the illumination technologies known to date, especially aparticularly high efficiency.

The basic principles of the way in which OLEDs work and suitablestructures (layers) of OLEDs are specified, for example, in WO2005/113704 and the literature cited therein.

The light-emitting materials (emitters) used may, as well as fluorescentmaterials (fluorescent emitters), be phosphorescent materials(phosphorescent emitters). The phosphorescent emitters are typicallyorganometallic complexes which, in contrast to the fluorescence emitterswhich exhibit singlet emission, exhibit triplet emission (M. A. Baldowet al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 75, 4 to 6). For quantum-mechanicalreasons, when the phosphorescent emitters are used, up to four times thequantum efficiency, energy efficiency and power efficiency is possible.

Of particular interest are organic light-emitting diodes with a lowoperational voltage, high efficiency, high efficacy, high resistance tothermal stress and long operational lifetime.

In order to implement the aforementioned properties in practice, it isnot only necessary to provide suitable emitter materials, but also toprovide suitable complementary materials. Such device compositions may,for example, comprise specific host (matrix) materials in which theactual light emitter is present in distributed form. In addition, thecompositions may comprise blocker materials, it being possible for holeblockers, exciton blockers and/or electron blockers to be present in thedevice compositions. Additionally or alternatively, the devicecompositions may further comprise hole injection materials and/orelectron injection materials and/or charge transport materials such ashole-transport materials and/or electron-transport materials. Theselection of the aforementioned materials which are used in combinationwith the actual light emitter has a significant influence on parametersincluding the efficiency, lifetime and operating voltages of the OLEDs.

The prior art proposes numerous different materials for use in thedifferent layers of OLEDs.

The use of Ir metal-carbene complexes comprising azabenzimidazolecarbene ligands has only been described in a few prior art references.

WO 2006/056418 A2 relates to the use of transition metal carbenecomplexes in OLEDs. The transition metal carbene complexes of WO2006/056418 A2 are unsymmetrical carbene complexes of the followingformula,

wherein Y³ is a non aromatic radical, i.e. hydrogen or alkyl, or forms abridge with Y². In example 4 in WO 2006/056418 A2 an Ir metal-carbenecomplex comprising three specific azabenzimidazole carbene ligands isdisclosed. However, said Ir metal carbene complex is an unsymmetricalcomplex (Y³ in formula (I) mentioned above is methyl), wherein thenitrogen atom is in the 5-position of the azabenzimidazole ring.According to example 17 in WO 2006/056418 A2 Ir(DPBIC)₃ is used ashole-transport and exciton blocker material

WO 2012/172482 A1 relates to metal-carbene complexes comprising acentral atom selected from iridium and platinum, and specificazabenzimidazole carbene ligands and to OLEDs (Organic Light-EmittingDiodes) which comprise such complexes. The complexes having thefollowing formula:

whereinY is NR¹, O, S or C(R¹⁰)₂;R¹ is a linear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional groupand having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyiradical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms,substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional groupand having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylradical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of 5 to 18carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,

US 2012/0305894 A1 relates to a blue phosphorescent compound with a highcolor purity and a high efficiency and an organic electroluminescenctdevice using the same. The blue phosphorecent compound according to US2012/0305894 A1 is characterized by the following formula:

whereinX is selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorous (P) and sulfur(S) atoms; and at least one of A1, A2, A3 and A4 is nitrogen (N), andthe remaining are selected from hydrogen (H)-substituted carbon, and analkyl- or alkoxy-substituted carbon. In US 2012/0305894 A1 exclusivelythe use of said compounds as phosphorescent emitter material ismentioned.

It is an object of the present invention to provide stable organicelectronic devices, preferably OLEDs, compared with the organicelectronic devices known in the art. It is a further object of thepresent invention to provide more stable and/or more efficient OLEDscompared with the OLEDs known in the art, especially OLEDs which emitlight in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum which are morestable and/or more efficient.

This object is achieved by an organic electronic device, preferably anOLED, comprising at least one hole-transport material and/or at leastone electron/exciton blocker material, wherein said at least onehole-transport material and/or said at least one electron/excitonblocker material is an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)

whereinR¹, R² and R³are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 1 to 20carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical, optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 5 to 18carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,preferably, R¹, R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, a linear orbranched alkyl radical, having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl radical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptoraction, selected from the group consisting of halogen radicals,preferably F or Cl, more preferably F; CF₃, SiPh₃ and SiMe₃;orR¹ and R² or R² and R³ form, independently of each other, together witha carbon atom to which they are bonded an optionally substitutedsaturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring, optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to at least one furtheroptionally substituted saturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms;A¹ is CR⁴ or N, preferably CR⁴;A² is CR⁵ or N, preferably CR⁵;A³ is CR⁶ or N, preferably CR⁶;A⁴ is CR⁷ or N, preferably CR⁷;A^(1′) is CR^(4′) or N, preferably CR^(4′);A^(2′) is CR^(5′) or N, preferably CR^(5′);A^(3′) is CR^(6′) or N, preferably CR^(6′);A^(4′) is CR^(7′) or N, preferably CR^(7′);R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′) and R^(7′)are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 1 to 20carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical, optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and havinga total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group withdonor or acceptor action, preferably, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′),R^(6′) and R^(7′) are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branchedalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 1 to 20 carbon and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedaryl radical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbonatoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,selected from halogen radicals, preferably F or Cl, more preferably F;CF₃, CN, SiPh₃ and SiMe₃;orR⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶ or R⁶ and R⁷ or R^(4′) and R^(5′), R^(5′) andR^(6′) or R^(6′) and R^(7′) form, independently of each other, togetherwith the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, a saturated orunsaturated or aromatic, optionally substituted ring, which isoptionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, has a total of from 5to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to atleast one further optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated oraromatic ring, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom andhaving a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms.

It has been found by the inventors of the present invention that stableorganic electronic devices, preferably OLEDs, having a long lifetime areobtained by employing the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, twoor three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)as mentioned above as hole-transport material and/or as electron/excitonblocker material.

It has further been found by the inventors of the present invention thatOLEDs comprising the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) asmentioned above as hole-transport material and/or as electron/excitonblocker material show high quantum efficiencies and/or good stabilitiesand long lifetimes.

The complexes are particularly suitable as hole-transport materialsand/or as electron/exciton blocker materials for OLEDs showingelectroluminescence in the blue region, more particularly in the deepblue region, of the electromagnetic spectrum, which enables, forexample, the production of full-color displays and white OLEDs. Whenused to work as exciton blocking materials for blue emitters saidinventive complexes need to have suitable high triplet energies whichrequires emission maxima of <500 nm, preferably <470 nm, more preferably<445 nm.

Preferably, the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or) (I′) asmentioned above is present in a hole transport layer of the organicelectronic device, preferably the OLED, and/or the at least oneelectron/exciton blocker material, comprising the Ir metal-carbenecomplex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I)and/or (I′) is present in an electron-blocking layer of the organicelectronic device, preferably the OLED.

In the context of the present invention, the terms aryl radical, unit orgroup, heteroaryl radical, unit or group, alkyl radical, unit or group,cycloalkyl radical, unit or group, cycloheteroalkyl radical, unit orgroup, and groups with donor or acceptor action are each defined asfollows—unless stated otherwise:

In the aryl radicals, heteroaryl radicals, alkyl radicals, cycloalkylradicals, cycloheteroalkyl radicals and groups with donor or acceptoraction mentioned below, one or more hydrogen atoms (if present) may besubstituted by deuterium atoms.

Aryl radicals or substituted or unsubstituted aryl radicals having 6 to30 carbon atoms (C₆-C₃₀-aryl radicals) refer in the present invention toradicals which are derived from monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclicaromatics which do not comprise any ring heteroatoms. When the systemsare not monocyclic systems, the term “aryl” for the second ring alsoincludes the saturated form (perhydro form) or the partly unsaturatedform (for example the dihydro form or tetrahydro form), provided thatthe particular forms are known and stable. This means that the term“aryl” in the present invention encompasses, for example, also bicyclicor tricyclic radicals in which either both or all three radicals arearomatic, and bicyclic or tricyclic radicals in which only one ring isaromatic, and also tricyclic radicals in which two rings are aromatic.Examples of aryl are: phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthenyl,1,4-dihydronaphthenyl, indenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl or1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl. Particular preference is given toC₆-C₁₀-aryl radicals, for example phenyl or naphthyl, very particularpreference to C₆-aryl radicals, for example phenyl.

The aryl radicals or C₆-C₃₀-aryl radicals may be unsubstituted orsubstituted by one or more further radicals. Suitable further radicalsare selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₆-C₃₀-aryl andsubstituents with donor or acceptor action, suitable substituents withdonor or acceptor action are specified below. The C₆-C₃₀-aryl radicalsare preferably unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁-C₂₀-alkylgroups, C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy groups, CN, CF₃, F, SiMe₃ or amino groups (NR³²R³³where suitable R³² and R³³ radicals are specified below), morepreferably unsubstituted (e.g. C₆H₅), o-monosubstituted oro,o′-disubstituted by one respectively two C₁-C₂₀-alkyl groups,C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy groups, CN, CF₃, F, SiMe₃ or amino groups (NR³²R³³ wheresuitable R³² and R³³ radicals are specified below).

Heteroaryl radicals or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radicalshaving a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms are understoodto mean monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaromatics, some of whichcan be derived from the aforementioned aryl, in which at least onecarbon atom in the aryl base structure has been replaced by aheteroatom. Preferred heteroatoms are N, O and S. The heteroarylradicals more preferably have 5 to 13 ring atoms. The base structure ofthe heteroaryl radicals is especially preferably selected from systemssuch as pyridine and five-membered heteroaromatics such as thiophene,pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole or furan. These base structuresmay optionally be fused to one or two six-membered aromatic radicals.Suitable fused heteroaromatics are carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzofuryl, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, dibenzofuryl ordibenzothiophenyl.

The base structure may be substituted at one, more than one or allsubstitutable positions, suitable substituents being the same as thosealready specified under the definition of C₆-C₃₀-aryl. However, theheteroaryl radicals are preferably unsubstituted, o-monosubstituted oro,o′-disubstituted by one respectively two C₁-C₂₀-alkyl groups,C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy groups, CN, CF₃, F, SiMe₃ or amino groups (NR³²R³³ wheresuitable R³² and R³³ radicals are specified below). Suitable heteroarylradicals are, for example, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl,thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, furan-2-yl,furan-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl and imidazol-2-yl, and thecorresponding benzofused radicals, especially carbazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, dibenzofuryl ordibenzothiophenyl.

An alkyl radical in the context of the present application is a linearor branched alkyl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having 1 to20 carbon atoms. Preference is given to C₁- to C₁₀-alkyl radicals,particular preference to C₁- to C₆-alkyl radicals. In addition, thealkyl radicals may be substituted by one or more functional groups,preferably selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₀-alkyl,C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, C₁-C₂₀-haloalkyl, e.g. CF₃, andC₆-C₃₀-aryl which may in turn be substituted or unsubstituted. Suitablearyl substituents and suitable alkoxy and halogen substituents arespecified below. Examples of suitable alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl,propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl, and also C₁-C₂₀-alkyl-,C₁-C₂₀-haloalkyl-, C₆-C₃₀-aryl-, C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy- and/orhalogen-substituted, especially F-substituted, derivatives of the alkylgroups mentioned, for example CF₃. This comprises both the n-isomers ofthe radicals mentioned and branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl,isopentyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl,3-ethylhexyl, etc. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl and CF₃.

A cycloalkyl radical or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylradical having 3 to 20 carbon atoms is understood in the context of thepresent application to mean a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₂₀-cycloalkyl radical. Preferred are cycloalkyl radicals having 5 to20, more preferably 5 to 10 and most preferably 5 to 8 carbon atoms inthe base structure (ring) to understand. Suitable substituents are thesubstituents mentioned for the alkyl groups. Examples of suitablecycloalkyl groups, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by theradicals mentioned above for the alkyl groups, are cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl and cyclodecyl. They mayalso be polycyclic ring systems such as decalinyl, norbornyl, bornanylor adamantyl.

A heterocycloalkyl radical or a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl radical having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatomsis understood to mean heterocycle-alkyl radicals having 3 to 20,preferably 5 to 10 and more preferably 5 to 8 ring atoms, where at leastone carbon atom in the heterocycloalkyl base structure has been replacedby a heteroatom. Preferred heteroatoms are N, O and S. Suitablesubstituents are the substituents mentioned for the alkyl groups.Examples of suitable heterocycloalkyl groups, which may be unsubstitutedor substituted by the radicals mentioned above for the alkyl groups, areradicals derived from the following heterocycles: pyrrolidine, thiolane,tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-oxathiolane, oxazolidine, piperidine, thiane,oxane, dioxane, 1,3-dithiane, morpholine, piperazine. They may also bepolycyclic ring systems.

Suitable alkoxy radicals and alkylthio radicals derive correspondinglyfrom the aforementioned alkyl radicals. Examples here include OCH₃,OC₂H₅, OC₃H₇, OC₄H₉ and OC₈H₁₇, and also SCH₃, SC₂H₅, SC₃H₇, SC₄H₉ andSC₈H₁₇. In this context, C₃H₇, C₄H₉ and C₅H₁₇ comprise both then-isomers and branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl and 2-ethylhexyl. Particularly preferred alkoxy or alkylthiogroups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-octyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy and SCH₃.

Suitable halogen radicals or halogen substituents in the context of thepresent application are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine,preferably fluorine, chlorine and bromine, more preferably fluorine andchlorine, most preferably fluorine.

In the context of the present application, groups with donor or acceptoraction are understood to mean the following groups:

C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy, C₆-C₃₀-aryloxy, C₁-C₂₀-alkylthio, C₆-C₃₀-arylthio,SiR³²R³³R³⁴, halogen radicals, halogenated C₁-C₂₀-alkyl radicals,carbonyl (—CO(R³²)), carbonylthio (—C═O(SR³²)), carbonyloxy(—C═O(OR³²)), oxycarbonyl (—OC═O(R³²)), thiocarbonyl (—SC═O(R³²)), amino(—NR³²R³³), OH, pseudohalogen radicals, amido (—C═O(NR³²R³³)),—NR³²C═O(R³³), phosphonate (—P(O) (OR³²)₂, phosphate (—OP(O) (OR³²)₂),phosphine (—PR³²R³³), phosphine oxide (—P(O)R³² ₂), sulfate(—OS(O)₂₀R³²), sulfoxide (—S(O)R³²), sulfonate (—S(O)₂OR³²), sulfonyl(—S(O)₂R³²), sulfonamide (—S(O)₂NR³²R³³), NO₂, boronic esters(—OB(OR³²)₂), imino (—C═NR³²R³³)), borane radicals, stannate radicals,hydrazine radicals, hydrazone radicals, oxime radicals, nitroso groups,diazo groups, vinyl groups, sulfoximines, alanes, germanes, boroxinesand borazines.

Preferred substituents with donor or acceptor action are selected fromthe group consisting of: C₁- to C₂₀-alkoxy, preferably C₁-C₆-alkoxy,more preferably ethoxy or methoxy; C₆-C₃₀-aryloxy, preferablyC₆-C₁₀-aryloxy, more preferably phenyloxy; SiR³²R³³R³⁴, where R³², R³³and R³⁴ are preferably each independently substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, suitable substituentshaving been specified above; halogen radicals, preferably F, Cl, Br,more preferably F or Cl, most preferably F, halogenated C₁-C₂₀-alkylradicals, preferably halogenated C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals, most preferablyfluorinated C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals, e.g. CF₃, CH₂F, CHF₂ or C₂F₅; amino,preferably dimethylamino, diethylamino or diphenylamino; OH,pseudohalogen radicals, preferably CN, SCN or OCN, more preferably CN,—C(O)OC₁-C₄-alkyl, preferably —C(O)OMe, P(O)R₂, preferably P(O)Ph₂, andSO₂R₂, preferably SO₂Ph.

Very particularly preferred substituents with donor or acceptor actionare selected from the group consisting of methoxy, phenyloxy,halogenated C₁-C₄-alkyl, preferably CF₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, C₂F₅, halogen,preferably F, CN, SiR³²R³³R³⁴, where suitable R³², R³³ and R³⁴ radicalsare specified below, diphenylamino, —C(O)OC₁-C₄-alkyl, preferably

—C(O)OMe, P(O)Ph₂ and SO₂Ph.

The aforementioned groups with donor or acceptor action are not intendedto rule out the possibility that further radicals and groups among thosespecified above may also have donor or acceptor action. For example, theaforementioned heteroaryl radicals are likewise groups with donor oracceptor action, and the C₁-C₂₀-alkyl radicals are groups with donoraction.

The R³², R³³ and R³⁴ radicals mentioned in the aforementioned groupswith donor or acceptor action are each independently:

Hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl or substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylhaving 5 to 30 ring atoms, suitable and preferred alkyl and arylradicals having been specified above. More preferably, the R³², R³³ andR³⁴ radicals are C₁-C₆-alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, i-propyl ortert-butyl, or phenyl or pyridyl.

Structures of the Organic Electronic Devices

Suitable structures of the organic electronic devices are known to thoseskilled in the art. Preferred organic electronic devices are selectedfrom organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), light-emittingelectrochemical cells (LEEC), organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) andorganic field-effect transistors (OFET). More preferred organicelectronic devices are OLEDs.

The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is usually a light-emittingdiode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film oforganic compound which emits light in response to an electric current.This layer of organic semiconductor is usually situated between twoelectrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent.The Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferablythree, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present inany desired layer, preferably in the hole transport layer and/orelectron/exciton blocking layer, of the OLED as hole transport materialand/or electron/exciton blocker material.

The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEEC) is usually a solid-statedevice that generates light from an electric current(electroluminescence). LEEC's are usually composed of two metalelectrodes connected by (e.g. sandwiching) an organic semiconductorcontaining mobile ions. Aside from the mobile ions, their structure isvery similar to that of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED). The Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in anydesired layer as hole transport material and/or electron/exciton blockermaterial.

The organic field-effect transistor (OFET) generally includes asemiconductor layer formed from an organic layer with hole transportcapacity and/or electron transport capacity; a gate electrode formedfrom a conductive layer; and an insulation layer introduced between thesemiconductor layer and the conductive layer. A source electrode and adrain electrode are mounted on this arrangement in order thus to producethe transistor element. In addition, further layers known to thoseskilled in the art may be present in the organic transistor. The Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in anydesired layer as hole transport material and/or electron/exciton blockermaterial.

The organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) (photoelectric conversion element)generally comprises an organic layer present between two plate-typeelectrodes arranged in parallel. The organic layer may be configured ona comb-type electrode. There is no particular restriction regarding thesite of the organic layer and there is no particular restrictionregarding the material of the electrodes. When, however, plate-typeelectrodes arranged in parallel are used, at least one electrode ispreferably formed from a transparent electrode, for example an ITOelectrode or a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode. The organic layer isusually formed from two sublayers, i.e. a layer with p-typesemiconductor character or hole transport capacity, and a layer formedwith n-type semiconductor character or electron transport capacity. Inaddition, it is possible for further layers known to those skilled inthe art to be present in the organic solar cell. The Ir metal-carbenecomplex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentateligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in any desired layer,preferably in the hole transport layer and/or electron/exciton blockinglayer, of the OPV as hole transport material and/or electron/excitonblocker material.

The organic electronic device is most preferably an OLED. The presentinvention therefore preferably relates to an organic electronic devicewhich is an OLED, wherein the OLED comprises

(a) an anode,(b) a cathode,(c) a light-emitting layer between the anode and the cathode,(d) at least one layer, selected from a hole-transport layer (d1) and anelectron/exciton blocking layer (d2),wherein the at least one hole-transport material, comprising the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) is present in the hole-transport layer of theOLED and/or the at least one electron/exciton blocker material,comprising the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or threebidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is present in theelectron/exciton blocking layer of the OLED.

The structure of the inventive OLED will be described in detail below,

Ir Metal-Carbene Complex Comprising One, Two or Three Bidentate Ligandsof Formula (I) and/or (I′)

The radicals, groups and symbols in the bidentate ligands of formula (I)and/or (I′) of the Ir metal-carbene complex preferablyhave—independently of each other—the following meanings:

R¹, R² and R³are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical,having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylradical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbonatoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,selected from the group consisting of halogen radicals, preferably F orCl, more preferably F; CF₃, CN, SiPh₃ and SiMe₃; more preferablyhydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical, having from 1 to 4 carbonatoms, an unsubstituted aryl radical, having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms(e.g. C₆H₅), an o-monosubstituted aryl radical having from 6 to 18carbon atoms, an o,o′-disubstituted aryl radical having from 6 to 18carbon atoms, an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total offrom 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, an o-monosubstitutedheteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, an o,o′-disubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total offrom 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor oracceptor action, selected from the group consisting of F, CF₃, SiPh₃ andSiMe₃; most preferably hydrogen, an o-monoalkylated phenyl radical or ano,o′-dialkylated phenyl radical, preferably o,o′-dimethyl phenyl oro,o′-diisopropyl phenyl;orR¹ and R² or R² and R³ form, independently of each other, together witha carbon atom to which they are bonded an optionally substitutedsaturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring, optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to at least one furtheroptionally substituted saturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms;A¹ is CR⁴⁻;A² is CR⁵⁻;A³ is CR⁶⁻;A⁴ is CR⁷⁻;A^(1′) is CR^(4′−);A^(2′) is CR^(5′−);A^(3′) is CR^(6′−);A^(4′) is CR^(7′−);R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′) and R^(7′)are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical, optionally bearing at least one functional group, optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of from 1 to20 carbon and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylradical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbonatoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,selected from halogen radicals, preferably F or Cl, more preferably F;CF₃, CN and SiMe₃; more preferably hydrogen, a linear or branched alkylradical, having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aryl radical,having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an o-monosubstituted aryl radicalhaving from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an o,o′-disubstituted aryl radical,having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical,having a total of from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, ano-monosubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 15carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, an o,o′-disubstituted heteroarylradical, having a total of from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,a group with donor or acceptor action, selected from the groupconsisting of F, CF₃, CN and SiMe₃; most preferably hydrogen, methyl,tent-butyl, SiMe₃, or an o,o′-dialkylated phenyl radical, preferablyo,o′-dimethyl phenyl or o,o′-diisopropyl phenyl;orR⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶ or R⁶ and R⁷ or R^(4′) and R^(5′), R^(5′) andR^(6′) or R^(6′) and R^(7′) form, independently of each other, with thecarbon atoms to which they are bonded, a saturated, unsaturated oraromatic, optionally substituted ring, which is optionally interruptedby at least one heteroatom, has a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms and may optionally be fused by at least one furtheroptionally substituted saturated or unsaturated aromatic ring,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms.

According to the invention, the carbene ligands (I) and (I′)

in the Ir metal-carbene complex are monoanionic bidentate ligands.

More preferably, the Ir metal-carbene complex has one of the followingformulae (II), (II′) or (II″);

whereinR¹, R² and R³are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 1 to 20carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical, optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 5 to 18carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,preferably are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkylradical, having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedaryl radical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbonatoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,selected from the group consisting of halogen radicals, preferably F orCl, more preferably F; CF₃, CN, SiPh₃ and SiMe₃; more preferablyhydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical, having from 1 to 4 carbonatoms, an unsubstituted aryl radical, having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms(e.g. C₆-H₅), an o-monosubstituted aryl radical having from 6 to 18carbon atoms, an o,o′-disubstituted aryl radical having from 6 to 18carbon atoms, an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total offrom 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, an o-monosubstitutedheteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, an o,o′-disubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total offrom 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor oracceptor action, selected from the group consisting of F, CF₃, SiPh₃ andSiMe₃; most preferably hydrogen, o-monoalkylated phenyl radical,o,o′-dialkylated phenyl radical, preferably o,o′-dimethyl phenyl oro,o′-diisopropyl phenyl;orR¹ and R² or R² and R³ form, independently of each other, together witha carbon atom to which they are bonded an optionally substitutedsaturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring, optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to at least one furtheroptionally substituted saturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms;A¹ is CR⁴ or N; preferably CR⁴;A² is CR⁵ or N; preferably CR⁵;A³ is CR⁶ or N; preferably CR⁶;A⁴ is CR⁷ or N; preferably CR⁷;A^(1′) is CR^(4′) or N; preferably CR^(4′);A^(2′) is CR^(5′) or N; preferably CR^(5′);A^(3′) is CR^(6′) or N; preferably CR^(6′);A^(4′) is CR^(7′) or N; preferably CR^(7′);R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′) and R^(7′)are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 1 to 20carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical, optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and havinga total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a group withdonor or acceptor action, preferably hydrogen, a linear or branchedalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 1 to 20 carbon and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedaryl radical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbonatoms and/or heteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action,selected from halogen radicals, preferably F or Cl, more preferably F;CF₃, CN and SiMe₃; more preferably hydrogen, a linear or branched alkylradical, having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aryl radical,having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g. C₆H₅), an o-monosubstituted arylradical having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an o,o′-disubstituted arylradical having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted heteroarylradical, having a total of from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,an o-monosubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 15carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, an o,o′-disubstituted heteroarylradical, having a total of from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,a group with donor or acceptor action, selected from the groupconsisting of F, CF₃, CN and SiMe₃; most preferably hydrogen, methyl,tert-butyl, SiMe₃ or an o,o′-dialkylated phenyl radical, preferablyo,o′-dimethyl phenyl or o,o′-diisopropyl phenyl;orR⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶ or R⁶ and R⁷ form, independently of each other,together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, a saturated orunsaturated aromatic, optionally substituted ring, which is optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom, has a total of from 5 to 18carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to at leastone further optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated or aromaticring, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having atotal of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms;n is 1, 2 or 3, preferably 3;L is a monoanionic bidentate ligand,o is 0, 1 or 2, where, when o=2, the L ligands may be the same ordifferent, preferably 0;n′ is 1 or 2,n″ is 1 or 2,wherein the sum of n′ +n″ is 2 or 3, preferably 3,o′ is 0 or 1, preferably 0;wherein the sum of n+o in formulae (II) and (II′) and the sum of n′ +n″+and o′ in formula (II″) is 3, with the proviso that n in formula (II)and (II') is at least 1 and n′, as well as n″ in formula (II″) are atleast 1.

The carbene ligands in their metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II),(II′) and (II″) are monoanionic bidentate ligands

The carbene ligands in the Ir metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II),(II′) and (II″) correspond to the carbene ligands of formulae (I) and(I′) mentioned above.

A bidentate ligand is understood to mean a ligand coordinated at twosites to the transition metal atom M.

Preferred Ir metal-carbene complexes are Ir metal-carbene complexes offormulae (II) and (II″).

Suitable monoanionic bidentate ligands L are, for example, ligands ofthe formula (B)

in whichR⁵¹ is in each case independently a linear or branched alkyl radicalhaving 1 to 6 carbons atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl,tert-butyl, CF₃; substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to20 carbon atoms, preferably unsubstituted phenyl or 2,6-dialkylphenyl;substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical having a total of 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,R⁵² is hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbonatoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to 20 carbonatoms, preferably hydrogen; where the ligand of the formula (B) is, forexample, acetylacetonato or hexafluoroacetylacetonato; picolinato,salicylato, 8-hydroxyquinolato ligands derived from Schiff bases,ligands derived from amino acids, heterocyclic noncarbene ligands, e.g.arylpyridines, e.g. phenylpyridine, and the furCher bidentatemonoanionic ligands specified in WO 02/15645, carbene ligands of thegeneral formula (VI) specified below, and also carbene ligands asspecified in WO 2006/056418 and arylazoles, e.g. 2-arylimidazoles.

Preferably, L is a carbene ligand of the general formula (VI)

whereA^(9′) is CR^(12′) or N;A^(10′) is CR^(13′) or N;R^(11′) is a linear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted byat least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, substituted or unsubstituted arylradical, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radicalinterrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least onefunctional group and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms,R¹², R¹³ are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkylradical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing atleast one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl radical interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylradical interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing atleast one functional group and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms, group with donor or acceptor action,A^(5′) is CR^(14′) or N;A^(6′) is CR^(15′) or N;A^(7′) is CR^(16′) or N;A⁸ is CR^(17′) or N;R^(14′), R^(15′),R^(16′), R^(17′) are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branchedalkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 1 to 20carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl radicalinterrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least onefunctional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, optionally bearing at leastone functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of 5to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, group with donor or acceptoraction,orR^(14′) and R^(15′), R^(15′) and R^(16′) or R^(16′) and R^(17′) form,together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, an unsaturatedor aromatic, optionally substituted ring optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms,and/orR^(12′) and R^(13′) form, together with A^(9′) and A^(10′) to which theyare bonded, an unsaturated or aromatic, optionally substituted ringoptionally interrupted by exactly one heteroatom, preferably nitrogen,and having a total of 5 to 18 ring atoms,and/orif A^(9′) is CR^(12′), R^(12′) and R^(17′) together form a saturated orunsaturated, linear or branched bridge optionally comprisingheteroatoms, aromatic units, heteroaromatic units and/or functionalgroups and having a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, towhich is optionally fused a substituted or unsubstituted, five- toeight-membered ring comprising carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms;q′ is 0 or 1;where—when o in formulae (II) or (II′) is 2, the carbene ligands L offormulae (II) or (II′) may be the same or different.

In a preferred embodiment, the metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II),(II′) and (II″) exclusively have carbene ligands.

Preferably, o in the metal-carbene complexes of the formulae (II) and(II′) is 0 and o′ in the metal-carbene complexes of the formula (II″) is0. In this case, n in formulae (II) and (II′) is preferably 3 and n′ andn″ in formula (II″) are 1 or 2, wherein the sum of n′ and n″ is 3.

The n azabenzimidazole carbene ligands may each be the same or differentin the metal-carbene complexes of the general formulae (II), (II′) and(II″). They are preferably the same. The metal-carbene complex of thegeneral formula (II″) preferably comprises three identical carbeneligands wherein the bonding situation in one of the carbene ligands isdifferent from the bonding situation in the two further carbene ligandsas shown in formula (II″).

Preferred carbene complexes of the general formulae (II), (II′) and(II″) are the following carbene complexes:

Most preferred carbene complexes are carbene complexes of formulae(IIa), (II′a), (II″a) and (II″a′):

The Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferablythree, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are for exampleprepared by contacting suitable compounds comprising Ir with appropriateligands or ligand precursors.

Preferably, a suitable compound comprising Ir and appropriate carbeneligands, preferably in deprotonated form as the free carbene or in theform of a protected carbene, for example as a silver-carbene complex,are contacted. Suitable precursor compounds comprise the substituents R¹to R⁷ and R^(4′) to R^(7′) which should be present in the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′). More preferably, theligand precursor used is a corresponding Ag-carbene complex.

Suitable processes for preparing the Ir metal-carbene complex comprisingone, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I)and/or (I′) are for example mentioned in WO 2012/172482 A1.

The resulting complexes may yield different isomers that can beseparated or converted into a form with a major isomer by isomerizationof the mixture.

Ir Metal-Carbene Complex Comprising One, Two or Three, Preferably Three,Bidentate Ligands of Formula (I) and/or (I) as Hole-Transport Materialand/or Electron/Exciton Blocker Material; Hole-Transport Layer;Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer

According to the present invention, the Ir metal-carbene complexcomprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) is employed as hole-transport material and/orelectron/exciton blocker material, preferably as electron/excitonblocker material or as holetransport material and electron/excitonblocker material in the organic electronic device, preferably the OLED.Preferably, the at least one hole-transport material comprising the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is present in an holetransport layer of the organic electronic device, preferably the OLED,and/or the at least one electron/exciton blocker material, comprisingthe Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferablythree, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is present in anelectron-blocking layer of the organic electronic device, preferably theOLED.

In one embodiment according to the present invention, the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is employed asholetransport material, preferably in the hole-transport layer, in theorganic electronic device, preferably the OLED, according to the presentinvention.

In a further more preferred embodiment according to the presentinvention, the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) isemployed as electron/exciton blocker material, preferably in theelectron/exciton blocking layer, in the organic electronic device,preferably the OLED, according to the present invention.

In a further embodiment according to the present invention, which ispreferred, the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) isemployed as hole-transport material, preferably in the hole-transportlayer, and as electron/exciton blocker material, preferably in theelectron/exciton blocking layer, in the organic electronic device,preferably the OLED, according to the present invention.

The Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferablythree, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be employedalone or in a mixture, for example together with another hole-transportmaterial and/or a doping material in order to improve the transportproperties—in the case that the Ir metal-carbene complex is used ashole-transport material—or with another electron/exciton blockermaterial—in the case that the Ir metal-carbene complex is used aselectron/exciton blocker material. Suitable doping materials for thehole-transport material are mentioned below.

Preferably, the Ir metal-carbene complex is employed alone (withoutfurther components), in the case that the Ir metal-carbene complex isused as electron/exciton blocker material. In a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention, the electron-blocking layer of the organicelectronic device, preferably the OLED, according to the presentinvention is consisting of the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one,two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or(I′).

Preferably, the Ir metal-carbene complex is employed together with atleast one doping material or alone (without further components), morepreferably together with one doping material, in the case that the Irmetal-carbene complex is used as hole-transport material. In a preferredembodiment of the present invention, the hole-transport layer of theorganic electronic device, preferably the OLED, according to the presentinvention is consisting of the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one,two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or(I′) and one or two, preferably one, doping material(s).

Suitable doping materials for the hole-transport layer are electronicaldoping materials in order to improve the transport properties of thehole-transport material used, in order firstly to make the layerthicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes/short circuits) and inorder secondly to minimize the operating voltage of the device.Electronic doping is known to those skilled in the art and is disclosed,for example, in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 94, 2003, 359(p-doped organic layers); A. G. Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M. Pfeiffer,T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 25, 2003, 4495 andPfeiffer et al., Organic Electronics 2003, 4, 89-103 and K. Walzer, B.Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 107, 1233. Forexample it is possible to use mixtures in the hole-transporting layer,in particular mixtures which lead to electrical p-doping of thehole-transporting layer. p-Doping is achieved by the addition ofoxidizing materials. These mixtures may, for example, be the followingmixtures: mixtures of the abovementioned hole transport material with atleast one metal oxide, for example MoO₂, MoO₃, WO_(x), ReO₃ and/or V₂O₅,preferably MoO₃ and/or ReO₃, more preferably MoO₃, or mixturescomprising the aforementioned hole transport materials and one or morecompounds selected from 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ),2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F₄-TCNQ),2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane,bis(tetra-n-butylammonium)tetracyanodiphenoquinodimethane,2,5-dimethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetracyanoethylene,11,11,12,12-tetracyanonaphtho-2,6-quinodimethane,2-fluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane,2,5-difluoro-7,7,8,8-etracyanoquinodimethane,dicyanomethylene-1,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluoro-6Hnaphthalen-2-ylidene)malononitrile(F₆-TNAP), Mo(tfd)₃ (from Kahn et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (35),12530-12531), compounds as described in EP 1 988 587, US 2008265216, EP2 180 029, US 20100102709, WO 2010/132236, EP 2 180 029 and quinonecompounds as mentioned in EP2401254.

The present invention therefore preferably relates to the organicelectronic device, preferably the OLED, according to the presentinvention, wherein the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′),is employed in combination with at least one doping material, preferablyat least one metal oxide, more preferably at least one metal oxideselected from MoO₃, ReO₃, MoO₂, WO_(x) and V₂O₅, most preferablyselected from MoO₃ and ReO₃, in the case that the Ir metal-carbenecomplex is used as hole-transport material, preferably in thehole-transport layer.

The combination of the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)and the doping material, preferably the at least one metal oxide, morepreferably at least one metal oxide selected from MoO₃, ReO₃, MoO₂,WO_(x) and V₂O₅, most preferably selected from MoO₃ and ReO₃, preferablycomprises 50 to 90% by weight, of the Ir metal-carbene complexcomprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) and 10 to 50% by weight of the doping material,preferably the at least one metal oxide, more preferably at least onemetal oxide selected from MoO₃, ReO₃, MoO₂, WO_(x) and V₂O₅, mostpreferably selected from MoO₃ and ReO₃, wherein the sum of the amount ofthe Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferablythree, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) and the dopingmaterial is 100% by weight.

The present invention further relates to a hole-transport layer or anelectron/exciton blocking layer, comprising at least one Irmetal-carbene complex, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) as defined in the present application. PreferredIr metal-carbene complexes are defined in the present application.

The hole-transport layer preferably comprises in addition to the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) at least one dopingmaterial. Suitable and preferred doping materials are mentioned before.More preferably, the hole-transport layer comprises 50 to 90% by weight,of the Er metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferablythree, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) and 10 to 50% byweight of the doping material, preferably the at least one metal oxide,more preferably at least one metal oxide selected from MoO₃, ReO₃, MoO₂,WOx and V₂O₅, most preferably selected from MoO₃ and ReO₃, wherein thesum of the amount of the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)and the doping material is 100% by weight.

The electron/exciton blocking layer is preferably consisting of the Irmetal-carbene complex, comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′).

The layer thickness of the hole-transport layer is preferably 5 to 100nm, more preferably 10 to 80 nm.

The layer thickness of the electron/exciton blocking layer is preferably1 to 50 nm, more preferably 5 to 10 nm.

Device Structure—OLED Structure

Suitable structures of the organic electronic devices are known to thoseskilled in the art. Preferred organic electronic devices are selectedfrom organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), light-emittingelectrochemical cells (LEEC), organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) andorganic field-effect transistors (OFET). More preferred organicelectronic devices are OLEDs.

The device structures of said OLEDs, LEECs, OPVs and OFETs have beendescribed above in general terms. In the following, the devicestructures of preferred OLEDs (which are preferred electronic devicesaccording to the present invention) are described.

As mentioned above, the present invention preferably relates to anorganic electronic device which is an OLED, wherein the OLED comprises

(a) an anode,(b) a cathode,(c) a light-emitting layer between the anode and the cathode,(d) at least one layer, selected from a hole-transport layer (d1) and anelectron/exciton blocking layer (d2),wherein the at least one hole-transport material, comprising the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) is present in the hole-transport layer of theOLED and/or the at least one electron/exciton blocker material,comprising the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) ispresent in the electron/exciton blocking layer of the OLED.

Preferred Ir metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′),preferred hole-transport materials, preferred electron/exciton blockermaterials, preferred hole-transport layers (d1) and preferredelectron/exciton blocking layers (d2) are mentioned before.

The layer sequence in the inventive OLED is preferably as follows:

1. anode (a)2. hole-transport layer (d1)3. electron/exciton blocking layer (d2)4. light-emitting layer (c)5. cathode (b)

Layer sequences different from the aforementioned construction are alsopossible, and are known to those skilled in the art. For example, it ispossible that the OLED does not have all of the layers mentioned; forexample, an OLED with the layers (a) (anode), (c) (light-emitting layer)and (b) (cathode) and layer (d1) (hole-transort layer) or layer (d2)(electron/exciton blocking layer) are like-wise suitable.

The OLEDs may additionally have a blocking layer for holes/excitons (e)adjacent to the cathode side of the light-emitting layer (c) and/or anelectron transport layer (f) adjacent to the cathode side of theblocking layer for holes/excitons (e), if present, respectively adjacentto the cathode side of the light-emitting layer (c), if the blockinglayer for holes/excitons (e) is not present.

The present invention therefore more preferably relates to an inventiveOLED having the following layer sequence:

1. anode (a)2. hole-transport layer (d1)3. electron/exciton blocking layer (d2)4. light-emitting layer (c)5. blocking layer for holes/excitons (e)6. electron transport layer (f)7. cathode (b)

In a further embodiment, the inventive OLED, in addition to layers (a),(b), (c), (d1), (d2), (e) and (f), comprises at least one of the furtherlayers mentioned below:

-   -   A hole injection layer (g) between the anode (a) and the        hole-transport layer (d1);    -   an electron injection layer (h) between the electron-transport        layer (f) and the cathode (b).

It is additionally possible that a plurality of the aforementionedfunctions (electron/exciton blocker, hole/exciton blocker, holeinjection, hole conduction, electron injection, electron conduction) arecombined in one layer and are assumed, for example, by a single materialpresent in this layer.

Furthermore, the individual layers of the OLED among those specifiedabove may in turn be formed from two or more layers. For example, thehole transport layer may be formed from a layer into which holes areinjected from the electrode, and a layer which transports the holes awayfrom the hole-injecting layer into the light-emitting layer. Theelectron transport layer may likewise consist of a plurality of layers,for example a layer in which electrons are injected by the electrode,and a layer which receives electrons from the electron injection layerand transports them into the light-emitting layer. These layersmentioned are each selected according to factors such as energy level,thermal resistance and charge carrier mobility, and also energydifference of the layers specified with the organic layers or the metalelectrodes. The person skilled in the art is capable of selecting thestructure of the OLEDs such that it is matched optimally to the organiccompounds used as emitter substances in accordance with the invention.

In order to obtain particularly efficient OLEDs, for example, the HOMO(highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole-transport layer shouldbe matched to the work function of the anode, and the LUMO (lowestunoccupied molecular orbital) of the electron conductor layer should bematched to the work function of the cathode, provided that theaforementioned layers are present in the inventive OLEDs.

Hole-Transport Layer (d1), Electron Exciton Blocking Layer (d2)

In the case that the OLED comprises a material different from thematerials mentioned before in the hole-transport layer or in theelectron/exciton blocking layer, suitable materials are mentioned below.

However, it is preferred that the Ir metal-carbene complex comprisingone, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I)and/or (I′) is either present in the electron/exciton blocking layer(d2) or present in the hole-transport layer (d1) and in theelectron/exciton blocking layer (d2). Preferred embodiments for thehole-transport layer and in the electron/exciton blocking layer arementioned above. In a further preferred embodiment, the Ir metal-carbenecomplex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentateligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is present in the hole-transportlayer (d1) and/or in the electron/exciton blocking layer (d2) andadditionally in the light-emitting layer as co-host.

Hole-Transport Layer (d1)

In the case that the Ir meta!-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) ispresent in the electron/exciton blocking layer (d2), the hole transportlayer may comprise a hole-transport material different from the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′).

Suitable hole-transport materials for layer (d1) of the inventive OLEDare disclosed, for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology, 4th Edition, Vol. 18, pages 837 to 860, 1996. Eitherhole-transporting molecules or polymers may be used as thehole-transport material. Customarily used hole-transporting moleculesare selected from the group consisting of

(4-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-N-[4-[4-(N-[4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl]anilino)phenyl]phenyl]aniline),

(4-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-N-[4-[4-(4-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]aniline),

(4-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenylcarbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-N-(4-phenylphenyl)aniline),

1,1′,3,3′-tetraphenylspiro[1,3,2-benzodiazasilole-2,2′-3a,7a-dihydro-1,3,2-benzodiazasilole],

(N2,N2,N2′,N2′,N7,N7,N7′,N7′-octakis(p-tolyl)-9,9′-spirobi[fluorene]-2,2′,7,7′-tetramine),4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (α-NPD),N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(TPD), 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC),N,N′-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1,1′-(3,3′-dimethyl)biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(ETPD), tetrakis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N,N′-2,5-phenylenediamine (PDA),α-phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene (TPS), p-(diethylamino)benzaldehydediphenylhydrazone (DEH), triphenylamine (TPA),bis[4-(N,N-diethylamino)2-methylphenyl](4-methylphenyl)methane (MPMP),1-phenyl-3-[p-(diethylamino)styryl]5-[p-(diethylamino)phenyl]pyrazoline(PPR or DEASP), 1,2-trans-bis(9H -carbazol9-yl)-cyclobutane (DCZB),N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (TTB),fluorine compounds such as2,2′,7,7-tetra(N,N-di-tolyl)amino9,9-spirobifluorene (spiro-TTB),N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)9,9-spirobifluorene(spiro-NPB) and 9,9-bis(4-(N,N-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-amino)phenyl-9Hfluorene, benzidine compounds such asN,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl) -N,N° -bis(phenyl)benzidine and porphyrincompounds such as copper phthalocyanines. In addition, polymerichole-injection materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole)(PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, self-doping polymers,such as, for example, sulfonatedpoly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diyl) (Plexcore® OCConducting Inks commercially available from Plextronics), and copolymerssuch as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) alsocalled PEDOT/PSS.

The hole-transport materials mentioned above are commercially availableand/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.

In a preferred embodiment it is possible to use specific metal carbenecomplexes as hole-transport materials. Suitable carbene complexes are,for example, carbene complexes as described in WO2005/019373A2,WO2006/056418 A2, WO2005/113704, WO2007/115970, WO2007/115981 andWO2008/000727. One example of a suitable carbene complex is Ir(DPBIC)₃with the formula:

The preparation of Ir(DPBIC)₃ is for example mentioned in WO 2005/019373A2.

The hole-transport layer may also be electronically doped in order toimprove the transport properties of the materials used. Suitable dopingmaterials are mentioned above. Preferably, the hole-transport layercomprises 50 to 90% by weight, of the hole-transport material and 10 to50% by weight of the doping material, wherein the sum of the amount ofthe hole-transport material and the doping material is 100% by weight.

Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer (d2)

In the case that the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) ispresent in the hole-transport layer (d1), the electron/exciton blockinglayer may comprise an electron/exciton material different from the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′).

Blocking layers may also be used to block excitons from diffusing out ofthe emissive layer. Suitable metal complexes for use as electron/excitonblocker material are, for example, carbene complexes as described in WO2005/019373 A2, WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/115970, WO2007/115981 and WO 2008/000727. Explicit reference is made here to thedisclosure of the WO applications cited, and these disclosures shall beconsidered to be incorporated into the content of the presentapplication. One example of a suitable carbene complex is Ir(DPBIC)₃with the formula:

Light-Emitting Layer (a) Emitter Material

The light-emitting layer (c) comprises at least one emitter material.Preferably, the light-emitting layer comprises at least one emittermaterial, which has an emission maximum (⋅) of from 400 to 500 nm.Preferably, the emitter has an emission maximum (λ), which of from 425nm to 490 nm, more preferably of from 440 nm to 475 nm, preferably witha FWHM (full width at half maximum) of from 1 nm to 140 nm, morepreferably of from 30 nm to 120 nm, most preferably of from 50 nm to 100nm.

This may in principle be a fluorescence or phosphorescence emitter,suitable emitter materials being known to those skilled in the art.Preferably, the light-emitting layer comprises at least onephosphorescent emitter material.

In the context of the present invention, a phosphorescence emitter is anemitter showing emission of light by phosphorescence. However, this doesnot exclude that the phosphorescence emitter additionally shows emissionof light by fluorescence.

The triplet decay time (intensity reduced to 1/e=0.367879441 times itsinitial value) of the phosphorescence emission of the phosphorescenceemitter is preferably of from 0.5 to 100 micro seconds, more preferablyof from 0.5 to 10 micro seconds, most preferably of from 0.5 to 3 microseconds.

The phosphosphorescence emitter show phosphorescence emission fromtriplet excited states, preferably at the operating temperatures of theOLED, Phosphorescence may be preceded by a transition from a tripletexcited state to an intermediate non-triplet state from which theemissive decay occurs.

The phosphorescence emitter compounds used with preference are based onmetal complexes, and especially the complexes of the metals Ru, Rh, Ir,Pd and Pt, in particular the complexes of Ir, have gained significance.

Suitable metal complexes for use in the inventive OLEDs are described,for example, in documents WO 02/60910 A1, US 2001/0015432 A1, US2001/0019782 A1, US 2002/0055014 A1, US 2002/0024293 A1, US 2002/0048689A1, EP 1 191 612 A2, EP 1 191 613 A2, EP 1 211 257 A2, US 2002/0094453A1, WO 02/02714 A2, WO 00/70655 A2, WO 01/41512 A1, WO 02/15645 A1, WO2005/019373 A2, WO 2005/113704 A2, WO 2006/115301 A1, WO 2006/067074 A1,WO 2006/056418, WO 2006121811 A1, WO 2007095118 A2, WO 2007/115970, WO2007/115981, WO 2008/000727, WO 2010/086089, WO 2012/121936 A2, US2011/0057559, WO 2011/106344, US 2011/0233528 and WO 2011/157339.

Further suitable metal complexes are the commercially available metalcomplexes tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III), iridium(III)tris(2-(4-tolyl)pyridinato-N,C^(2′)),bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III), iridium(III)tris(1-phenylisoquinoline), iridium(III)bis(2,2′-benzothienyl)(pyridinato-N,C^(3′))(acetylacetonate),tris(2-phenylquinoline)iridium(III), iridi-um(III)bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C²)picolinate, iridium(III)bis(1-phenylisoquinoline)(acetylacetonate),bis(2-phenylquinoline)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III), iridium(III)bis(dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline)-(acetylacetonate),bis(2-methyldibenzo[th]quinoxaline)-(acetylacetonate),bis[1-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)isoquinoline](acetylacetonato)iridium(III),bis(2-phenylbenzo-thiazolato)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III),bis(2-(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl)-1-pyridine)(acetyl-acetonato)iridium(III),bis(2-benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylpyridine)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III).

Preferred phosphosphorescence emitters are carbene complexes. Carbenecomplexes which are suitable phosphorescent blue emitters are specifiedin the following publications: WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO2007/115970, WO 2007/115981, WO 2008/000727, WO2009050281, WO2009050290,WO2011051404, US2011/057559 WO2011/073149, WO2012/121936A2,US2012/0305894A1, WO2012170571, WO2012170461, WO 2012170463,WO2006121811, WO2007095118, WO2008156879, WO2008156879, WO2010068876,US20110057559, WO2011106344, US20110233528, WO2012048266 andWO2012172482.

Preferably, the light-emitting layer in the OLED of the presentinvention comprises at least one carbene complex as phosphosphorescenceemitter. Suitable carbene complexes are, for example, carbene complexesof the general formula (III)

in which the symbols are each defined as follows:M¹ is a metal atom selected from the group consisting of metals of groupIB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, the lanthanides and IIIA of thePeriodic Table of the Elements (CAS version) in any oxidation statepossible for the particular metal atom;carbene is a carbene ligand which may be uncharged or monoanionic andmono-, bi- or tridentate; the carbene ligand may also be a bis- ortriscarbene ligand;L″ is a mono- or dianionic ligand, preferably monoanionic ligand, whichmay be mono- or bidentate;K″ is an uncharged mono- or bidentate ligand;q is the number of carbene ligands, where n is at least 1 and thecarbene ligands in the complex of the formula I when q>1 may be the sameor different;r is the number of ligands L″, where m may be 0 or ≥1, and the ligandsL″ when r>1 may be the same or different;o″′ is the number of ligands K″, where o″′ may be 0 or 1, and theligands K″, when o″′>1, may be the same or different;p is the charge of the complex: 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; preferably 0, 1 or 2,more preferably 0;W is a monoanionic counterion;where the sum of q+r+o″′ and the charge p depends on the oxidation stateand coordination number of the metal atom used, the charge of thecomplex and the denticity of the carbene, L″ and K″ ligands, and on thecharge of the carbene and L ligands, with the condition that n is atleast 1.

The present invention therefore further provides an organiclight-emitting diode in which the at least one emitter material presentin the light-emitting layer (c) is at least one carbene complex of thegeneral formula (III).

Most preferably, present invention provides an organic light-emittingdiode in which the at least one emitter material present in thelight-emitting layer (c) is at least one carbene complex of the generalformula (IV):

wherein

M is Ir,

n″′ is 1, 2 or 3,A⁹ is CR⁹ or N;A¹⁰ is CR¹⁰ or N;A¹¹ is CR¹¹ or N;A¹² is CR¹² or N;where 2 A of A⁹, A¹⁰, A¹¹ and A¹² are nitrogen atoms and at least onecarbon atom is present between two nitrogen atoms in the ring;R⁸ is a linear or branched alkyl radical, having from 1 to 6 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, having from 3to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, havingfrom 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylradical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹²are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radicalhaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylradical, having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms,orR¹⁰ and R¹¹ form, together with the carbon atoms to which they arebonded, an optionally substituted, unsaturated ring optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of 5 to 18carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,A⁵ is CR¹³ or N, preferably CR¹³;A⁶ is CR¹⁴ or N, preferably CR¹⁴;A⁷ is CR¹⁵ or N, preferably CR¹⁵;A⁵ is CR¹⁶ or N, preferably CR¹⁶;R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical,optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing atleast one functional group and having a total of from 1 to 20 carbonatoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylradical, optionally bearing at least one functional group and havingfrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 3 to 20carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylradical, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical,interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least onefunctional group and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, a group with donor or acceptor action, preferably are eachindependently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical, having from1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, havingfrom 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylradical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,a group with donor or acceptor action, selected from the groupconsisting of halogen radicals, preferably F or Cl, more preferably F;CF₃, CN and SiMe₃;L′ is a monoanionic bidentate ligand, ando″ is 0, 1 or 2.

The compound of formula (IV) is more preferably a compound of theformula:

Further suitable non-carbene emitter materials are mentioned below:

More preferably, the compound of formula (IV) is selected from the groupconsisting of the following compounds:

The most preferred phosphorescent blue emitters are

The homoleptic metal-carbene complexes may be present in the form offacial or meridional isomers, preference being given to the facialisomers.

Suitable carbene complexes of formula (IV) and their preparationprocesses are for example described in WO 2011/073149 A1.

Host (Matrix) Material

The light-emitting layer may comprise further components in addition tothe emitter material. For example, a fluorescent dye may be present inthe light-emitting layer in order to alter the emission color of theemitter material. In addition—in a preferred embodiment—a host (matrix)material can be used. This matrix material may be a polymer, for examplepoly(N-vinylcarbazole) or polysilane. The matrix material may, however,likewise be a small molecule, for example 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazolebiphenyl(CDP=CBP) or tertiary aromatic amines, for example TCTA.

Suitable as host material are carbazole derivatives, for example4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-2,2′ -dimethylbiphenyl (CDBP),4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene(mCP), and the host materials specified in the following applications:WO2008/034758, WO2009/003919.

Further suitable host materials, which may be small molecules or(co)polymers of the small mole-cules mentioned, are specified in thefollowing publications: WO2007108459 (H-1 to H-37), preferably H-20 toH-22 and H-32 to H-37, most preferably H-20, H-32, H-36, H-37,WO2008035571 A1 (Host 1 to Host 6), JP2010135467 (compounds 1 to 46 andHost-1 to Host-39 and Host-43), WO2009008100 compounds No. 1 to No. 67,preferably No. 3, No. 4, No. 7 to No. 12, No. 55, No. 59, No. 63 to No.67, more preferably No. 4, No. 8 to No. 12, No. 55, No, 59, No. 64,No,65, and No. 67, WO2009008099 compounds No. 1 to No. 110, WO2008140114compounds 1-1 to 1-50, WO2008090912 compounds OC-7 to OC-36 and thepolymers of Mo-42 to Mo-51, JP2008084913 H-1 to H-70, WO2007077810compounds 1 to 44, preferably 1, 2, 4-6, 8, 19-22, 26, 28-30, 32, 36,39-44, WO201001830 the polymers of monomers 1-1 to 1-9, preferably of1-3, 1-7, and 1-9, WO2008029729 the (polymers of) compounds 1-1 to 1-36,WO20100443342 HS-1 to HS-101 and BH-1 to BH-17, preferably BH-1 toBH-17, JP2009182298 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1 to 75,JP2009170764, JP2009135183 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-14,WO2009063757 preferably the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to1-26, WO2008146838 the compounds a-1 to a-43 and 1-1 to 1-46,JP2008207520 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-26,JP2008066569 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-16,WO2008029652 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-52,WO2007114244 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-18,JP2010040830 the compounds HA-1 to HA-20, HB-1 to HB-16, HC-1 to HC-23and the (co)polymers based on the monomers HD-1 to HD-12, JP2009021336,WO2010090077 the compounds 1 to 55, WO2010079678 the compounds H1 toH42, WO2010067746, WO2010044342 the compounds HS-1 to HS-101 and Poly-1to Poly-4, JP2010114180 the compounds PH-1 to PH-36, US2009284138 thecompounds 1 to 111 and H1 to H71, WO2008072596 the compounds 1 to 45,JP2010021336 the compounds H-1 to H-38, preferably H-1, WO2010004877 thecompounds H-1 to H-60, JP2009267255 the compounds 1-1 to 1-105,WO2009104488 the compounds 1-1 to 1-38, WO2009086028, US2009153034,US2009134784, WO2009084413 the compounds 2-1 to 2-56, JP2009114369 thecompounds 2-1 to 2-40, JP2009114370 the compounds 1 to 67, WO2009060742the compounds 2-1 to 2-56, WO2009060757 the compounds 1-1 to 1-76,WO2009060780 the compounds 1-1 to 1-70, WO2009060779 the compounds 1-1to 1-42, WO2008156105 the compounds 1 to 54, JP2009059767 the compounds1 to 20, JP2008074939 the compounds 1 to 256, JP2008021687 the compounds1 to 50, WO2007119816 the compounds 1 to 37, WO2010087222 the compoundsH-1 to H-31, WO2010095564 the compounds HOST-1 to HOST-61, WO2007108362,WO2009003898, WO2009003919, WO2010040777, US2007224446, WO06128800,WO2012014621, WO2012105310, WO2012/130709 and European patentapplications EP12175635.7 and EP12185230.5 and EP12191408.9 (inparticular page 25 to 29 of EP12191408.9).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more compounds of thegeneral formula (V) speci-fied hereinafter are used as host material.

wherein

X is NR, S, 0 or PR;

R is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;A²⁰⁰ is —NR²⁰⁶R²⁰⁷, —P(O)R²⁰⁸R²⁰⁹, —PR²¹⁰R²¹¹, —S(O)₂R²¹², —S(O)_(R)²¹³, —SR²¹⁴, or —OR²¹⁵;R²²¹, R²²² and R²²³ are independently of each other aryl, heteroaryl,alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, wherein at least on of thegroups R²²¹, R²²², or R²²³ is aryl, or heteroaryl;R²²⁴ and R²²⁵ are independently of each other alkyl, cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a group A¹, or a group having donor,or acceptor characteristics;n2 and m1 are independently of each other 0, 1, 2, or 3;R²⁰⁶, R²⁰⁷ form together with the nitrogen atom a cyclic residue having3 to 10 ring atoms, which can be unsubstituted, or which can besubstituted with one, or more substituents selected from alkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group having donor,or acceptor characteristics; and/or which can be annulated with one, ormore further cyclic residues having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein theannulated residues can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted with one,or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl and a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics;andR²⁰⁸, R²⁰⁹, R²¹⁰, R²¹¹, R²¹², R²¹³, R²¹⁴ and R²¹⁵ are independently ofeach other aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.

Compounds of formula (V) and their preparation processes, such as, forexample,

are described in WO 2010/079051 A1 (in particular pages on 19 to 26 andin tables on pages 27 to 34, pages 35 to 37 and pages 42 to 43).

Additional host materials on basis of dibenzofurane are, for example,described in US 2009066226, EP1 885 818 B1, EP 1 970 976, EP 1 998 388and EP 2 034 538. Examples of particularly preferred host materials areshown below:

In the above-mentioned compounds T is O, or S, preferably O. If T occursmore than one time in a molecule, all groups T have the same meaning.

The most preferred host compounds are shown below:

Preferably, the light-emitting layer (C) comprises at least one emittermaterial and at least one host material. Suitable and preferred emittermaterials as well as suitable and preferred host materials are mentionedabove.

More preferably, the light-emitting layer (c) comprises at least oneemitter material, which emits light in the region of from 400 to 500 nmof the electromagnetic spectrum, more preferably at least onephosphorescence emitter which emits light in the region of from 400 to500 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum, most preferably at least oneemitter material of formula (IV).

Most preferably, the light-emitting layer (c) comprises at least oneemitter material, which emits light in the region of from 400 to 500 nmof the electromagnetic spectrum, more preferably at least onephosphorescence emitter which emits light in the region of from 400 to500 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum, most preferably at least oneemitter material of formula (IV) in an amount of 5 to 40% by weight,preferably 5 to 30% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20 by weight, andthe at least one host material, preferably at least one host materialselected from SH-1, SH-2, SH-3, SH-4, SH-5, SH-6, SH-7, SH-8, SH-9 andSH-10, in an amount of 60 to 95% by weight, preferably 70 to 95% byweight, more preferably 80 to 95% by weight, where the amount of the atleast one emitter material and the at least one host material adds up toa total of 100% by weight.

The second host compound can be one compound or it can be a mixture oftwo or more compounds. The carbene complex Ir(DPBIC)3 which has beendescribed above, or the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′),preferably the Ir metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and(II″), more preferably Ir metal-carbene complexes of following formulae(IIa), (II′a), (II′a) and (II″a′), may be added as co-host.

The layer thickness of the light-emitting layer (c) in the inventiveOLED is preferably from 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 5 to 60 nm.

Anode (a)

The anode is an electrode which provides positive charge carriers. Itmay be composed, for example, of materials which comprise a metal, amixture of different metals, a metal alloy, a metal oxide or a mixtureof different metal oxides. Alternatively, the anode may be a conductivepolymer. Suitable metals comprise the metals of groups 11, 4, 5 and 6 ofthe Periodic Table of the Elements, and also the transition metals ofgroups 8 to 10. When the anode is to be transparent, mixed metal oxidesof groups 12, 13 and 14 of the Periodic Table of the Elements aregenerally used, for example indium tin oxide (ITO). It is likewisepossible that the anode (a) comprises an organic material, for examplepolyaniline, as described, for example, in Nature, Vol. 357, pages 477to 479 (Jun. 11, 1992). Preferred anode materials include conductivemetal oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide(IZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AIZnO), and metals. Anode (and substrate)may be sufficiently transparent to create a bottom-emitting device. Apreferred transparent substrate and anode combination is commerciallyavailable ITO (anode) deposited on glass or plastic (substrate). Areflective anode may be preferred for some top-emitting devices, toincrease the amount of light emitted from the top of the device. Atleast either the anode or the cathode should be at least partlytransparent in order to be able to emit the light formed. Other anodematerials and structures may be used.

The anode materials mentioned above are commercially available and/orprepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.

Cathode (b)

The cathode (b) is an electrode which serves to introduce electrons ornegative charge carriers. The cathode may be any metal or nonmetal whichhas a lower work function than the anode. Suitable materials for thecathode are selected from the group consisting of alkali metals of group1, for example Li, Cs, alkaline earth metals of group 2, metals of group12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, comprising the rare earthmetals and the lanthanides and actinides. In addition, metals such asaluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, andcombinations thereof, may be used.

The cathode materials mentioned above are commercially available and/orprepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.

Further Layers in the Inventive OLED Blocking Layer for Holes/Excitons(e)

Among the materials mentioned below as electron transport materials,some may fulfil several functions. For example, some of the electrontransport materials are simultaneously hole-blocking materials when theyhave a low-lying HOMO or exciton-blocking materials when they have asufficiently high triplet energy. These can be used, for example, in theblocking layer for holes/excitons (e). However, it is likewise possiblethat the function as a hole/exciton blocker is also adopted by the layer(f), such that the layer (e) can be dispensed with.

Electron Transport Layer (f)

Electron transport layer may include a material capable of transportingelectrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), ordoped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Suitableelectron-transporting materials for layer (f) of the inventive OLEDscomprise metals chelated with oxinoid compounds, such astris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq₃), compounds based onphenanthroline such as 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10phenanthroline(DDPA=BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen),2,4,7,9-tetraphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline,4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DPA) or phenanthroline derivativesdisclosed in EP1786050, in EP1970371, or in EP1097981, and azolecompounds such as 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(PBD) and 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ).

The electron-transport materials mentioned above are commerciallyavailable and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in theart.

It is likewise possible to use mixtures of at least two materials in theelectron-transporting layer, in which case at least one material iselectron-conducting. Preferably, in such mixed electron-transportinglayers, at least one phenanthroline compound is used, preferably BCP, orat least one pyridine compound according to the formula (VIII) below,preferably a compound of the formula (VIIIa) below. More preferably, inmixed electron-transporting layers, in addition to at least onephe-nanthroline compound, alkaline earth metal or alkali metalhydroxyquinolate complexes, for example Liq, are used. Suitable alkalineearth metal or alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complexes are specifiedbelow (formula VII). Reference is made to WO2011/157779.

The electron transport layer may also be electronically doped in orderto improve the transport properties of the materials used, in orderfirstly to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance ofpinholes/short circuits) and in order secondly to minimize the operatingvoltage of the device. Electronic doping is known to those skilled inthe art and is disclosed, for example, in W. Gan, A. Kahn, J. Appl.Phys., Vol. 94, No. 1, 1 July 2003 (p-doped organic layers); A. G.Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys.Lett., Vol. 82, No. 25, 23 June 2003 and Pfeiffer et al,, OrganicElectronics 2003, 4, 89-103 and K. Waizer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K.Leo, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 107, 1233. For example, it is possible to usemixtures which lead to electrical n-doping of the electron-transportinglayer. n-Doping is achieved by the addition of reducing materials. Thesemixtures may, for example, be mixtures of the abovementioned electrontransport materials with alkali/alkaline earth metals or alkali/alkalineearth metal salts, for example Li, Cs, Ca, Sr, Cs₂CO₃, with alkali metalcomplexes, for example 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq), and with Y, Ce,Sm, Gd, Tb, Er, Tm, Yb, Li₃N, Rb₂CO₃, dipotassium phthalate, W(hpp)₄from EP 1786050, or with compounds as described in EP1 837 926 B1.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron transport layer comprises atleast one compound of the general formula (VII)

in whichR³² and R³³ are each independently F, C₁-C₈-alkyl, or C₆-C₁₄-aryl, whichis optionally substituted by one or more C₁-C₈-alkyl groups, ortwo R³² and/or R³³ substituents together form a fused benzene ring whichis optionally substituted by one or more C₁-C_(B)-alkyl groups;a and b are each independently 0, or 1, 2 or 3,M¹ is an alkaline metal atom or alkaline earth metal atom,p is 1 when M¹ is an alkali metal atom, p is 2 when M¹ is an alkalimetal atom.

A very particularly preferred compound of the formula (VII) is

which may be present as a single species, or in other forms such asLi_(g)Q_(g) in which g is an integer, for example Li₆Q₆. Q is an8-hydroxyquinolate ligand or an 8-hydroxyquinolate derivative.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron-transporting layercomprises at least one compound of the formula (VIII),

in whichR³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷, R^(34′), R^(35′), R^(36′) and R^(37′) are eachindependently H, C₁-C₁₈-alkyl, C₁-C₁₈-alkyl which is substituted by Eand/or interrupted by D, C₆-C₂₄-aryl, C₆-C₂₄-aryl which is substitutedby G, C₂-C₂₀-heteroaryl or C₂-C₂₀-heteroaryl which is substituted by G,Q is an arylene or heteroarylene group, each of which is optionallysubstituted by G;D is —CO—; —COO—; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —O—; —NR⁴⁰—; —SiR⁴⁵R⁴⁶—; —POR⁴⁷—;—CR³⁸═CR³⁹—; or -—C≡C—;E is —OR⁴⁴; —SR⁴⁴; —NR⁴⁰R⁴¹; —COR⁴³; —COOR⁴²; —CONR⁴⁰R⁴¹; —CN; or F;G is E, C₁-C₁₈-alkyl, C₁-C₁₈-alkyl which is interrupted by D,C₁-C₁₈-perfluoroalkyl, C₁-C₁₈-alkoxy, or C₁-C₁₈-alkoxy which issubstituted by E and/or interrupted by D,in whichR³⁸ and R³⁹ are each independently H, C₆-C₁₈-aryl; C₆-C₁₈-aryl which issubstituted by C₁-C₁₈-alkyl or C₁-C₁₈-alkoxy; C₁-C₁₈-alkyl; orC₁-C₁₈-alkyl which is interrupted by —O—;R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are each independently C₆-C₁₈-aryl; C₆-C₁₈-aryl which issubstituted by C₁-C₁₈-alkyl or C₁-C₁₈-alkoxy; C₁-C₁₈-alkyl; orC₁-C₁₈-alkyl which is interrupted by —O—; orR⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ together form a 6-membered ring;R⁴² and R⁴³ are each independently C₆-C₁₈-aryl; C₆-C₁₈-aryl which issubstituted by C₁-C₁₈-alkyl or C₁-C₁₈-alkoxy; C₁-C₁₈-alkyl; orC₁-C₁₈-alkyl which is interrupted by —O—,R⁴⁴ is C₆-C₁₈-aryl; C₆-C_(1s)-aryl which is substituted by C₁-C₁₈-alkylor C₁-C₁₈-alkoxy; C₁-C₁₈-alkyl; or C₁-C₁₈-alkyl which is interrupted by—O—,R⁴⁵ and R⁴⁶ are each independently C₁-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl orC₆-C₁₈-aryl which is substituted by C₁-C₁₈-alkyl,R⁴⁷ is C₁-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl or C₆-C₁₈-aryl which is substituted byC₁-C₁₈-alkyl.

Preferred compounds of the formula (VIII) are compounds of the formula(VIIIa)

in which Q is:

R⁴⁸ is H or C₁-C₁₈-alkyl andR^(48′) is H, C₁-C₁₈-alkyl or

Particular preference is aiven to a compound of the formula

In a further, very particularly preferred embodiment, the electrontransport layer comprises a compound pound of the formula

and a compound ETM-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron transport layer comprises thecompound of the formula (VII) in an amount of 99 to 1% by weight,preferably 75 to 25% by weight, more preferably about 50% by weight,where the amount of the compounds of the formulae (VII) and the amountof the compounds of the formulae (VIII) adds up to a total of 100% byweight.

The preparation of the compounds of the formula (VIII) is described inJ. Kido et al., Chem. Commun. (2008) 5821-5823, J. Kido et al., Chem.Mater. 20 (2008) 5951-5953 and JP2008-127326, or the compounds can beprepared analogously to the processes disclosed in the aforementioneddocuments.

It is likewise possible to use mixtures of alkali metal hydroxyquinolatecomplexes, preferably Liq, and dibenzofuran compounds in the electrontransport layer. Reference is made to WO2011/157790. Dibenzofurancompounds A-1 to A-36 and B-1 to B-22 described in WO 2011/157790 arepreferred, wherein dibenzofuran compound

is most preferred.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron transport layer comprises Liq inan amount of 99 to 1% by weight, preferably 75 to 25% by weight, morepreferably about 50% by weight, where the amount of Liq and the amountof the dibenzofuran compound(s), especially ETM-1, adds up to a total of100% by weight.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron transport layer comprises atleast one phenanthroline derivative and/or pyridine derivative.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron transport layercomprises at least one phenanthroline derivative and/or pyridinederivative and at least one alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complex.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron transport layercomprises at least one of the dibenzofuran compounds A-1 to A-36 and B-1to B-22 described in WO2011/157790, especially ETM-1.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron transport layercomprises a compound described in WO 2012/111462, WO 2012/147397 and US2012/0261654, such as, for example, a compound of formula

WO 2012/115034, such as for example, such as, for example, a compound offormula

Hole Injection Layer (g)

Generally, injection layers are comprised of a material that may improvethe injection of charge carriers from one layer, such as an electrode ora charge generating layer, into an adjacent organic layer. Injectionlayers may also perform a charge transport function. The hole injectionlayer may be any layer that improves the injection of holes from anodeinto an adjacent organic layer. A hole injection layer may comprise asolution deposited material, such as a spin-coated polymer, or it may bea vapor deposited small molecule material, such as, for example, CuPc orMTDATA. Polymeric hole-injection materials can be used such aspoly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline,self-doping polymers, such as, for example, sulfonatedpoly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diyl) (Plexcore® OCConducting Inks commercially available from Plextronics), and copolymerssuch as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) alsocalled PEDOT/PSS.

The hole injection materials mentioned above are commercially availableand/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.

Electron Injection Layer (h)

The electron injection layer may be any layer that improves theinjection of electrons into an adjacent organic layer.Lithium-comprising organometallic compounds such as8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq), CsF, NaF, KF, Cs₂CO₃ or LiF may beapplied between the electron transport layer (f) and the cathode (b) asan electron injection layer (h) in order to reduce the operatingvoltage.

The electron injection materials mentioned above are commerciallyavailable and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in theart.

In general, the different layers in the inventive OLED, if present, havethe following thicknesses:

anode (a): 50 to 500 nm, preferably 100 to 200 nm;a hole injection layer (g): 5 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 80 nm,hole-transport layer (d1): 5 to 100 nm, preferably 10 to 80 nm,electron/exciton blocking layer (d2): 1 to 50 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm,light-emiting layer (c): 1 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 60 nm,a hole/exciton blocking layer (e): 1 to 50 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm,electron-transport layer (g): 5 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 80 nm,electron injection layer (h): 1 to 50 nm, preferably 2 to 10 nm,cathode (b): 20 to 1000 nm, preferably 30 to 500 nm.

The person skilled in the art is aware (for example on the basis ofelectrochemical studies) of how suitable materials have to be selected.Suitable materials for the individual layers are known to those skilledin the art and are disclosed, for example, in WO 00/70655.

In addition, it is possible that some of the layers used in theinventive OLED have been surface-treated in order to increase theefficiency of charge carrier transport. The selection of the materialsfor each of the layers mentioned is preferably determined by obtainingan OLED with a high efficiency and lifetime.

The inventive organic electronic device, preferably OLED, can beproduced by methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, theinventive OLED is produced by successive vapor deposition of theindividual layers onto a suitable substrate. Suitable substrates are,for example, glass, inorpanic semiconductors or polymer films. For vapordeposition, it is possible to use customary techniques, such as thermalevaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition(PVD) and others. In an alternative process, the organic layers of theorganic electronic device, preferably OLED, can be applied fromsolutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, employing coatingtechniques known to those skilled in the art.

The relative position of the recombination zone of holes and electronsin the inventive OLED in relation to the cathode and hence the emissionspectrum of the OLED can be influenced, among other factors, by therelative thickness of each layer. This means that the thickness of theelectron transport layer should preferably be selected such that theposition of the recombination zone is matched to the optical resonatorproperty of the diode and hence to the emission wavelength of theemitter. The ratio of the layer thicknesses of the individual layers inthe OLED depends on the materials used. The layer thicknesses of anyadditional layers used are known to those skilled in the art. It ispossible that the electron-conducting layer and/or the hole-conductinglayer has/have greater thicknesses than the layer thicknesses specifiedwhen they are electrically doped.

Use of at least one Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) ashole-transport material and/or electron/exciton blocker material,preferably use of at least one Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one,two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or(I′) as hole-transport material in a hole transport layer of an organicelectronic device, preferably of an OLED and/or use of at least one Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three,bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as electron/exciton blockermaterial in an electron-blocking layer of an organic electronic device,preferably of an OLED makes it possible to obtain organic electronicdevices, preferably OLEDs with high efficiency and/or with highstability and long lifetimes.

The present invention therefore relates in a further embodiment to theuse of an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′), asdefined in the specification of the present application ashole-transport material and/or electron/exciton blocker material.Preferred Ir metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three,preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) andpreferred hole-transport materials and/or electron/exciton blockermaterials are mentioned before. Preferred uses of the Ir metal-carbenecomplexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentateligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are also mentioned above.

The organic electronic devices, preferably OLEDs, can be used in allapparatus in which electroluminescence is useful. Suitable devices arepreferably selected from the group consisting of stationary visualdisplay units, such as visual display units of computers, televisions,visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances, advertisingpanels, information panels and illuminations; mobile visual displayunits such as visual display units in smartphones, cellphones, tabletcomputers, laptops, digital cameras, MP3-players, vehicles, keyboardsand destination displays on buses and trains; illumination units; unitsin items of clothing; units in furniture and units in wallpaper.

The present invention therefore further relates to apparatus selectedfrom the group consisting of stationary visual display units, such asvisual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units inprinters, kitchen appliances, advertising panels, information panels andilluminations; mobile visual display units such as visual display unitsin smartphones, cellphones, tablet computers, laptops, digital cameras,MP3-players, vehicles, keyboards and destination displays on buses andtrains; illumination units; units in items of clothing; units infurniture and units in wallpaper, comprising at least one organicelectronic device, preferably at least one OLED, according to thepresent invention or comprising at least one hole transport layer or atleast one electron/exciton blocking layer according to the presentinvention.

In a further embodiment, the Ir metal-carbene complexes comprising one,two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or(I′) can be used in white OLEDs.

The OLEDs may further comprise at least one second light-emitting layer.The overall emission of the OLEDs may be composed of the emission of theat least two light-emitting layers and may also comprise white light, asdescribed for example in EP13160198.1.

In addition, the Ir metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two orthree, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)can be used in OLEDs with inverse structure. The structure of inverseOLEDs and the materials typically used therein are known to thoseskilled in the art.

It is also possible to stack two OLEDs or to stack three or more OLEDs(“stacked device concept”). These devices usually use a transparentcharge generating interlayer such as indium tin oxide (ITO), V₂O₅, or anorganic p-n junction.

The stacked OLED (SOLED) usually includes at least two individualsub-elements.

Each sub-element comprises at least three layers: an electron transportlayer, an emitter layer and a hole-transport layer. Additional layersmay be added to a sub-element. Each SOLED sub-element may include forexample a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, anelectron/exciton blocking layer, an emitter layer, a hole/excitonblocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injectionlayer. Each SOLED sub-element may have the same layer structure ordifferent layer structure from the other sub-elements.

Suitable SOLED structures are known by a person skilled in the art.

The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only anddo not limit the scope of the claims. Unless otherwise stated, all partsand percentages are by weight.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES Synthesis of BE-12

Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ol. 33.2 g (0.30 mol) ofglycinamide hydrochloride are suspended under nitrogen in 120 ml ofmethanol and cooled down to below −30° C. 33.6 g (0.30 mol) of1,2-cyclohexandione are dissolved in 120 ml of methanol, cooled toice-bath temperature, and added to the suspension. The resulting whitesuspension is slowly treated with 60 ml of 12.5N NaOH at a temperaturebelow −30° C. After addition, the temperature is slowly raised up toroom temperature, treated with 40 ml of concentrated HCl, followed bythe addition of 11 g of sodium bicarbonate. The resulting beigesuspension is filtered and the solid washed with water, and furtherstirred three times in 200 ml of water. The solid is dried and furtherrecrystallized from 2 l of ethanol, followed by drying under vacuum,giving the title product as off-white solid (yield: 24 g (54%)). ¹-NMR(400 MHz, MeOD): ⋅=1.78-1.92 (m, 4 H), 2.61-2.73 (m, 4 H), 7.88 (s, 1H).

Synthesis of 3-bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ol. 30.0 g (0.20mol) of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinoxalin-2-ol are suspended under nitrogenin 300 ml of chloroform and 16.6 g (0.21 mol) of pyridine. 32 g (0.20mol) of bromine are slowly added during one hour at a maximumtemperature of −4° C. The yellow suspension is further stirred and thetemperature slowly raised to 0° C. The yellow solution is diluted withwater and extraction done with 500 ml of dichloromethane. The organicphase is further extracted four times with 200 ml of water, dried withsodium sulfate, providing a clear yellowish solution. Dilution with 600ml of cyclohexane gives a white precipitate. The suspension is filtered,the solid further washed with 100 ml of cyclohexane and dried undervacuum, giving the title product as a white solid (yield: 45.8 g (75%)).¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): ⋅=1.78-1.90 (m, 4 H), 2.54-2.70 (m, 4 H).

Synthesis of 2,3-dichloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline. 21.9 g (95.6mmol) of 3-bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ol are suspended at roomtemperature under nitrogen in 124.6 g (0.81 mol) of POCl₃, followed bythe addition of 45.7 g (0.48 mol) trimethylammonium chloride. Thesuspension is heated under reflux for two hours. The beige light turbidsuspension is cooled down to 50° C. and poured into 500 ml of water. Themixture is further stirred during 15 minutes followed by filtration andsubsequent washing of the solid with a large amount of water. The solidis dried under vacuum and recrystallized from cold ethanol giving thetitle product as off-white solid (yield: 10.2 g (53%)). Melting point:93-94° C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): ⋅=1.89-1.99 (m, 4 H), 2.87-2.96 (m, 4H).

Synthesis of N2,N3-diphenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3-diamine.28.4 g (0.14 mol) of 2,3-dichloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline aresuspended under nitrogen in 260 g (2.8 mol) of aniline and the mixtureheated at 148° C. for six hours. 250 ml of methanol are added and themixture cooled down to 10° C. at which point crystallization started.The mixture is further stirred at 5° C. during 15 minutes, followed byfiltration, washing with methanol, and drying. The solid is two timesstirred in 120 ml of hexane, two times washed with 100 ml of hexane,filtered and dried under vacuum. The solid is recrystallized from 200mol of ethanol giving the title product as a off-white solid (yield:36.1 g (82%)). Melting point: 145-146° C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO):⋅=1.74-1.84 (m, 4 H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 4 H), 6.93 (t, 2 H), 7.29 (d, 4 H),8.34 (br. s, 2 H).

Synthesis of2-ethoxy-1,3-diphenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline.15.8 g (0.05 mol) ofN2,N3-diphenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3-diamine are suspendedunder nitrogen in 148.2 g (1.0 mol) of triethyl orthoformate and heatedup to 120° C. Heating is continued for 27 hours, followed by theaddition of 50 g of triethyl orthoformate, and stirring continued forfour hours at the same temperature, providing a red brownish suspension.The suspension is filtered and the remaining filtrate concentrated undervacuum giving 19.6 g of a brownish oil. The oil is stirred in hotethanol, cooled down and further stirred in an ice-batch during onehour. The solid is filtered off and further washed with 40 ml of coldethanol giving the title product as light beige solid (yield: 14.5 g(78%)). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): ⋅=0.90 (t, 3 H), 1.81 (br. m, 4 H),2.71 (br. M, 4 H), 3.15 (q, 2 H), 7.16 (t, 2 H), 7.46 (t, 4 H), 7.68 (s,1 H), 8.08 (d, 4 H).

Synthesis of complex BE-12. 9.00 g (24.2 mmol) of2-ethoxy-1,3-diphenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H -imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalineand 2.03 g (3.0 mmol) of chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) dimer aresuspended under argon in 90 ml of o-xylene. The suspension is four timesevacuated and back-filled with argon, followed by heating at 132° C.during four hours. The brown solution is diluted with 150 ml of toluene,followed by filtration an washing with 50 ml of toluene. The solid isstirred in 30 ml toluene, followed by stirring three times with 30 ml ofethanol. Stirring in toluene and ethanol is repeated two times, followedby stirring and washing with hexane providing a yellow solid. The solidis recrystallized from 150 ml of 7:3-toluene/2-butanone mixture andwashed with the same solvent mixture, followed by ethanol washings, anddrying under vacuum, giving the title product as a yellow solid (yield:4.1 g (58%)). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂): ⋅=1.98 (m, 12 H), 2.68-2.80 (m,3 H), 2.82-2.92 (m, 3 H), 3,08-3.28 (m, 6 H), 6.41-7.21 (m, 24 H), 8.79(d, 3 H).

Synthesis of IIa and II″a

The synthesis of IIa has been described in WO2012172482. Separation ofthe crude reaction mixture by column chromatography yields the two majorisomers IIa and II″a in pure form. Isomerization as described inWO2012172482 results in a 90:10 mixture of IIa and II″a which can beused as mixture or also separated by column chromatography. Device dataof pure isomers as well as mixtures of these isomers are given below.

Diode Examples

The ITO substrate used as the anode is cleaned first with commercialdetergents for LCD production (Deconex® 20ONS, and 25ORGAN-ACID®neutralizing agent) and then in an acetone/isopropanol mixture in anultrasound bath. To eliminate possible organic residues, the substrateis exposed to a continuous ozone flow in an ozone oven for a further 25minutes. This treatment also improves the hole injection properties ofthe ITO. Next, the hole injection layer Plexcore AJ20-1000 is spun onfrom solution.

Thereafter, the organic materials specified below are applied by vapordeposition to the cleaned substrate at about 10⁻⁷-10⁻⁹ mbar at a rate ofapprox. 0.5-5 nm/min.

All ratios mentioned are weight ratios.

Voltage (V), efficacy (Im/W) and External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) (%)for the devices were measured at 300 cd/m², whereas the measured valuesof lifetime of the devices of Comparative Application Examples are setto 100.

I Comparison of the External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) of DevicesComprising Ir(DPBIC)₃ as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer; asElectron/Exciton Blocking Layer and as Co-Host and as Electron/ExcitonBlocking Layer and in the Hole-Transport Layer with Devices ComprisingCompound IIa as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer; as Electron/ExcitonBlocking Layer and as Co-Host and as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer andin the Hole-Transport Layer

Device 1: Compound IIa as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and CompoundIIa as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and as Co-Host

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm Ir(DPBIC)₃:MoO₃ (50:50)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-12/SH-3/X2 (10:85:5)—5 nm SH-3—25 nm ETM-2:Liq (50:50)—4 nm KF—100 nmAl

Volt- Exam- age LumEff EQE ple X1 X2 [V] [lm/W] [%] CIE_(x,y) DeviceIr(DPBIC)₃ Ir(DPBIC)₃ 4.7 19.5 17.0 0.16; 0.28 1.1¹⁾ Device IIaIr(DPBIC)₃ 4.5 21.0 17.9 0.16; 0.27 1.2 Device IIa IIa 4.6 20.8 17.90.16; 0.28 1.3 ¹⁾Comparative example

Device 2: Compound of Formula IIa (Isomeric Mixture) as Electron/ExcitonBlocking Layer and in the Hole Transport Layer

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm X1:MoO₃ (50:50)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-1/SH-3/Ir(DPBIC)₃ (10:85:5)—5 nm SH-3—25 nm ETM-2:Liq (50:50)—4 nmKF—100 nm Al

Voltage LumEff EQE Example X1 [V] [Im/W] [%] CIE_(x, y) Device 2.1¹⁾Ir(DPBIC)₃ 5.0 17.3 14.9 0.17; 0.30 Device 2.2 IIa (75:25)²⁾ 4.7 20.817.5 0.16; 0.29 ¹⁾Comparative example ²⁾75% by weight IIa and 25% byweight II″aII Comparison of the External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) and the Lifetime(LT₅₀) of Devices Comprising Ir(DPBIC)₃ as Electron/Exciton BlockingLayer; as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and as Co-host and asElectron/Exciton Blocking Layer and in the Hole-Transport Layer WithDevices Comprising Compound IIa or Compound II″a as Electron/ExcitonBlocking Layer; as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and as Co-Host and asElectron/Exciton Blocking Layer and in the Hole-Transport Layer

Device 3: Compound IIa (Isomeric Mixture) as Electron/Exciton BlockingLayer

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm Ir(DPBIC)₃:MoO₃ (90:10)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-1/SH-1 (10:90)—5 nm SH-1—20 nm ETM-1:Liq (50:50)—2 nm KF—100 nm Al

Voltag EQE LT₅₀ Example X1 [V] [%] CIE_(x,) _(y) [%] Device 3.1¹⁾Ir(DPBIC)₃ 4.9 15.1 0.17; 0.31 100 Device 3.2 IIa (90:10)²⁾ 5.1 15.40.17; 0.31 108 ¹⁾Comparative example ²⁾90% by weight IIa and 10% byweight II″a

Device 4: Compound IIa (Isomeric Mixture) as Electron/Exciton BlockingLayer

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm Ir(DPBIC)₃:MoO₃ (90:10)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-1/SH-1/Ir(DPBIC)₃ (30:60:10)—5 nm SH-1—20 nm ETM-1:Liq (50:50)—2 nmKF—100 nm Al

Voltage LumEff EQE LT₅₀ Example X1 [V] [lm/W] [%] CIE_(x,y) [%] Device4.1¹⁾ Ir(DPBIC)₃ 4.1 21.3 13.3 0.18; 0.36 100 Device 4.2 IIa 3.6 31.117.1 0.18; 0.37 118 (90:10)²⁾ ¹⁾Comparative example ²⁾90% by weight IIaand 10% by weight II″a

Device 5: Compound II″a as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and CompoundII″a as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and as Co-Host

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm Ir(DPBIC)₃:MoO₃ (50:50)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-1/SH-1/X2 (30:65:5)—5 nm SH-1—25 nm ETM-2:Liq (50:50)—4 nm KF—100 nmAl

Voltage LumEff EQE LT₅₀ Example X1 X2 [V] [lm/W] [%] CIE_(x,y) [%]Device Ir(DPBIC)₃ Ir(DPBIC)₃ 4.0 23.4 14.0 0.18; 0.38 100 5.1¹⁾ DeviceII″a Ir(DPBIC)₃ 3.9 30.9 18.3 0.18; 0.36 101 5.2 Device II″a II″a 4.030.5 18.4 0.18; 0.37 101 5.3 ¹⁾Comparative example

Device 6: Compound II″a as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and CompoundII″a as Electron/Exciton Blocking Layer and as Co-Host

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm Ir(DPBIC)₃:MoO₃ (50:50)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-12/SH-3/X2 (10:75:15)—5 nm SH-3—25 nm ETM-2:Liq (50:50)—4 nm KF—100nm Al

Voltage LumEff EQE LT₅₀ Example X1 X2 [V] [lm/W] [%] CIE_(x,y) [%]Device Ir(DPBIC)₃ Ir(DPBIC)₃ 3.2 28.6 18.1 0.15; 0.26 100 6.1¹⁾ DeviceII″a Ir(DPBIC)₃ 3.2 29.1 18.4 0.16; 0.27 124 6.2 Device II″a II″a 3.329.6 19.0 0.15; 0.27 114 6.3 ¹⁾Comparative example

Device 7: Compound of Formula IIa (Isomeric Mixture) as Electron/ExcitonBlocking Layer and in the Hole Transport Layer

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 nm X1:MoO₃ (50:50)—10 nm X1—40 nmBE-1/SH-5/Ir(DPBIC)₃ (10:80:10)—SH-5—25 nm ETM-2:Liq (50:50)—4 nm KF—100nm Al

Voltage LumEff EQE LT₅₀ Example X1 [V] [lm/W] [%] CIE_(x,y) [%] DeviceIr(DPBIC)₃ 4.6 20.1 18.5 0.15; 0.26 100 7.1¹⁾ Device IIa (75:25)²⁾ 4.421.6 18.2 0.16; 0.26 168 7.2 ¹⁾Comparative example ²⁾75% by weight IIaand 25% by weight II″a

Device 8: Compound of Formula IIa (Isomeric Mixture) as Electron/ExcitonBlocking Layer and in the Hole Transport Layer

HIL Plexcore AJ20-1000—10 m X1:MoO₃ (50:50)—10 nm X1—60 nmBE-1/SH-4/Ir(DPBIC)₃ (10:85:5)—SH-4—25 nm ETM-1:Liq (50:50)—4 nm KF—100nm Al

Voltage LumEff EQE LT₅₀ Example X1 [V] [lm/W] [%] CIE_(x,y) [%] DeviceIr(DPBIC)₃ 6.8 10.9 14.5 0.16; 0.26 100 8.1¹⁾ Device IIa (75:25)²⁾ 6.313.4 17.1 0.16; 0.25 103 8.2 ¹⁾Comparative example ²⁾75% by weight IIaand 25% by weight II″a

The application examples show that the inventive compounds can increasethe device performance, such as lifetime and voltage. In particular theexternal quantum efficiency can be significantly increased, especially,when the inventive compounds are implemented in the exciton blockinglayer.

Also, the inventive compounds can be used in a pure isomeric form or asmixture of cyclometalation isomers without significant impact on thedevice performance.

In the following, the compounds employed in the device examplesmentioned above are shown. Said compounds are commercially availableand/or prepared by processes known in the art and mentioned in thespecification of the present application.

1.-15. (canceled)
 16. An organic electronic device comprising at leastone hole-transport material and/or at least one electron/exciton blockermaterial, wherein said at least one hole-transport material and/or saidat least one electron/exciton blocker material is an Ir metal-carbenecomplex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I)and/or (I′)

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, alinear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, and havinga total of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical optionally bearing at least onefunctional group and having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, and havinga total of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group, and having a total of from 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor or acceptoraction; or R¹ and R², or R² and R³, form, independently of each other,together with a carbon atom to which they are bonded, an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ring optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to atleast one further optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated oraromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom andhaving a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; A¹ isCR⁴ or N; A² is CR⁵ or N; A³ is CR⁶ or N; A⁴ is CR⁷ or N; A^(1′) isCR^(4′) or N; A^(2′) is CR^(5′) or N; A^(3′) is CR^(6′) or N; A^(4′) isCR^(7′) or N; R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′), and R^(7′) areeach independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group, and having a total of from 1 to20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group, and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group, and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor oracceptor action; or R⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁶ and R⁷, R^(4′) and R^(5′),R^(5′) and R^(6′), or R^(6′) and R^(7′), form, independently of eachother, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, anoptionally substituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ring, whichhas a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, isoptionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, and may optionally befused to at least one further optionally substituted saturated orunsaturated or aromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms.
 17. The organic electronic device according to claim 16,wherein the at least one hole-transport material comprising the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) is present in a hole transport layer of theorganic electronic device and/or the at least one electron/excitonblocker material, comprising the Ir metal-carbene complex comprisingone, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) ispresent in an electron/exciton-blocking layer of the organic electronicdevice.
 18. The organic electronic device according to claim 16, whereinthe organic electronic device is selected from organic light-emittingdiodes (OLED), light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEEC), organicphotovoltaic cells (OPV) and organic field-effect transistors (OFET).19. The organic electronic device according to claim 18, wherein theOLED comprises (a) an anode, (b) a cathode, (c) a light-emitting layerbetween the anode and the cathode, (d) at least one layer, selected froma hole-transport layer (d1) and an electron/exciton blocking layer (d2),wherein the at least one hole-transport material, comprising the Irmetal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands offormula (I) and/or (I′) is present in the hole-transport layer of theOLED and/or the at least one electron/exciton blocker material,comprising the Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or threebidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is present in theelectron/exciton blocking layer of the OLED.
 20. The organic electronicdevice according to claim 16, wherein the radicals, groups and symbolsin the at least two ligands of formulae (I) and (I′) have the followingmeanings: R¹, R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, a linear orbranched alkyl radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical having a total of from 5to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor or acceptoraction selected from the group consisting of halogen radicals, CF₃, CN,SiPh₃ and SiMe₃; or R¹ and R², or R² and R³, form, independently of eachother, together with a carbon atom to which they are bonded, anoptionally substituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ringoptionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and may optionally befused to at least one further optionally substituted saturated orunsaturated or aromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms; A¹ is CR⁴; A² is CR⁵; A³ is CR⁶; A⁴ is CR⁷; A^(1′) isCR^(4′) or N; A^(2′) is CR^(5′) or N; A^(3′) is CR^(6′) or N; A^(4′) isCR^(7′) or N; R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′) and R^(7′) are eachindependently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkyl radicaloptionally bearing at least one functional group, optionally interruptedby at least one heteroatom, and having a total of from 1 to 20 carbonand/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, havingfrom 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylradical, having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,a group with donor or acceptor action selected from halogen radicals,CF₃, CN and SiMe₃; or R⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁶ and R⁷, R^(4′) andR^(5′), R^(5′) and R^(6′), or R^(6′)and R^(7′), form, independently ofeach other, with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, anoptionally substituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ring, whichis optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, has a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and may optionally befused by at least one further optionally substituted saturated orunsaturated aromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms.
 21. The organic electronic device according to claim 16,wherein the Ir metal-carbene complex has one of the following formulae(II), (II′) or (II″)

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, alinear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, and havinga total of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical optionally bearing at least onefunctional group and having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, and havinga total of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group, and having a total of from 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor or acceptoraction; or R¹ and R², or R² and R³, form, independently of each other,together with a carbon atom to which they are bonded, an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ring optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, which may optionally be fused to atleast one further optionally substituted saturated, unsaturated,aromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom andhaving a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; A¹ isCR⁴ or N; A² is CR⁵ or N; A³ is CR⁶ or N; A⁴ is CR⁷ or N; A^(1′) isCR^(4′) or N; A^(2′) is CR^(5′) or N; A^(3′) is CR^(6′) or N; A^(4′) isCR^(7′) or N; R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′), and R^(7′) areeach independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group, and having a total of from 1 to20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group, and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group, and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor oracceptor action; or R⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶, or R⁶ and R⁷, form,independently of each other, together with the carbon atoms to whichthey are bonded, an optionally substituted saturated, unsaturated,aromatic ring, which has a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, is optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, andmay optionally be fused to at least one further optionally substitutedsaturated or unsaturated or aromatic ring optionally interrupted by atleast one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atomsand/or heteroatoms; n is 1, 2 or 3; L is a monoanionic bidentate ligand;o is 0, 1 or 2, where, when o=2, the L ligands may be the same ordifferent; n′ is 1 or 2; n″ is 1 or 2; wherein the sum of n′+n″ is 2 or3; o′ is 0 or 1; and wherein the sum of n+o in formulae (II) and (II′)and the sum of n′+n″+and o′ in formula (II″) is 3, with the proviso thatn in formula (II) and (II′) is at least 1 and n′, as well as n″ informula (II″) are at least
 1. 22. The organic electronic deviceaccording to claim 21, wherein n′ is 1 or 2; and n″ is 1 or 2; whereinthe sum of n′+n″ is
 3. 23. The organic electronic device according toclaim 22, wherein the Ir metal-carbene complex has one of the followingformulae (IIa), (II′a), (II″a) or (II″a′)


24. The organic electronic device according to claim 16, wherein the Irmetal-carbene complex is employed in combination with at least one metaloxide.
 25. The organic electronic device according to claim 19, whereinthe light-emitting layer comprises at least one emitter material, whichhas an emission maximum λ_(max) of from 400 to 500 nm.
 26. The organicelectronic device according to claim 19, wherein the light-emittinglayer comprises at least one phosphorescent emitter material.
 27. Theorganic electronic device according to claim 25, wherein the at leastone emitter material is a compound of formula (IV)

wherein M is Ir; n′″ is 1, 2 or 3; A⁹ is CR⁹ or N; A¹⁰ is CR¹⁰ or N; A¹¹is CR¹¹ or N; A¹² is CR¹² or N; where 2 of A⁹, A¹⁰, A¹¹ and A¹² arenitrogen atoms and at least one carbon atom is present between twonitrogen atoms in the ring; R⁸ is a linear or branched alkyl radicalhaving from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical having a total of from 5to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are eachindependently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical havingfrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radicalhaving 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl radical having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ form, together with the carbon atoms towhich they are bonded, an optionally substituted, unsaturated ringoptionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; A⁵ is CR¹³ or N; A⁶ is CR¹⁴ orN; A⁷ is CR¹⁵ or N;, A⁸ is CR¹⁶ or N; R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are eachindependently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least onefunctional group, and having a total of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radicaloptionally bearing at least one functional group and having from 3 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical,interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least onefunctional group, and having a total of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical optionallybearing at least one functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical interrupted by at leastone heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, andhaving a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or agroup with donor or acceptor action; L′ is a monoanionic bidentateligand; o″ is 0, 1 or 2; and n″′+o″ is
 3. 28. The organic electronicdevice according to claim 16, wherein the at least one hole transportmaterial and/or at least one electron/exciton blocker material is in ahole transport layer or an electron/exciton blocking layer.
 29. Anapparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visualdisplay units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, units initems of clothing, units in furniture and units in wallpaper, whereinthe apparatus comprises the organic electronic device according to claim16.
 30. A hole-transport and/or electron/exciton blocker material,wherein said at least one hole-transport material and/or said at leastone electron/exciton blocker material is an Ir metal-carbene complexcomprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or(I′)

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, alinear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, and havinga total of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical optionally bearing at least onefunctional group and having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical interrupted by at least oneheteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group, and havinga total of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group, and having a total of from 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor or acceptoraction; or R¹ and R², or R² and R³, form, independently of each other,together with a carbon atom to which they are bonded, an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ring optionallyinterrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of from 5 to18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and may optionally be fused to atleast one further optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated oraromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom andhaving a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; A¹ isCR⁴ or N; A² is CR⁵ or N; A³ is CR⁶ or N; A⁴ is CR⁷ or N; A^(1′) isCR^(4′) or N; A^(2′) is CR^(5′) or N; A^(3′) is CR^(6′) or N; A^(4′) isCR^(7′) or N; R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R^(4′), R^(5′), R^(6′), and R^(7′) areeach independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkylradical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionallybearing at least one functional group, and having a total of from 1 to20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl radical optionally bearing at least one functional group andhaving from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocyclo alkyl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group, and having a total offrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryl radical optionally bearing at least one functionalgroup and having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom,optionally bearing at least one functional group, and having a total offrom 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, or a group with donor oracceptor action; or R⁴ and R⁵, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁶ and R⁷, R^(4′) and R^(5′),R^(5′) and R^(6′), or R^(6′) and R^(7′), form, independently of eachother, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, anoptionally substituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic ring, whichhas a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, isoptionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, and may optionally befused to at least one further optionally substituted saturated orunsaturated or aromatic ring optionally interrupted by at least oneheteroatom and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/orheteroatoms.
 31. A hole transport layer or an electron/exciton blockinglayer comprising the hole-transport and/or electron/exciton blockermaterial of claim
 30. 32. An apparatus selected from the groupconsisting of stationary visual display units; mobile visual displayunits, illumination units, units in items of clothing, units infurniture and units in wallpaper, wherein the apparatus comprises thehole-transport and/or electron/exciton blocker material of claim 30.